Gap Analysis Publications

Abd-Elrahman, A., L. Pearlstine, B.A. Dewitt, and S.E. Smith.  2001.  Detection of positional errors in systems utilizing small-format digital aerial imagery and navigation sensors using area-based matching techniques.  Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 67:825-831.

Airola, T.M.  1996.  Emerging technologies: Digital aerial photography - an overview.  Pages 269-277 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland. 

Allen, C.R., L.G. Pearlstine, and W.M. Kitchens.  2001.  Modeling viable mammal populations in gap analyses.  Biological Conservation 99:135-144.

Allen, C.R., L.G. Pearlstine, D.P. Wojcik, and W.M. Kitchens.  2001.  The spatial distribution of diversity between disparate taxa: Spatial correspondence between mammals and ants across South Florida, USA.  Landscape Ecology 16:453-464.

Allen, L.  1992.  Ecology Forum: Plugging the gaps.  Nature Conservancy (September/October):8-9. 

Allen, C.R., L. Pearlstine, and D.P. Wojcik.  1998.  Gap analysis for ant species.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 7:10-14. 

Aycrigg, J.L., M.G. Joselyn, M.R. Jeffords, and P.W. Brown.  1998.  Illinois GAP partners with Conservation 2000.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 7:35-37. 

Bahnsen, B., and P. Brown.  2001.  Land-cover classification for forests.  Illinois Natural History Survey Reports No. 369:3. 

Bain, M.B., and M.S. Meixler.  1998.  Making gap analysis work for New York waters: A state perspective on aquatic GAP.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 7:22-23.  GAP-922

Bain, M.B., A.L. Harig, D.P. Loucks, R.R. Goforth, and K.E. Mills.  2000.  Aquatic ecosystem protection and restoration: Advances in methods for assessment and evaluation.  Environmental Science and Policy 3(Supplement 1):89-98.

Barcus, H. J. Radcliff, and R. Poudyal.  1999.  Kansas GAP: Preparing the stewardship layer.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 8:30-31.

Bassett, S.D., T.C. Edwards, Jr., and Collin G. Homer.  In review.  Attribute based aggregation algorithm for generalizing thematic maps.  International Journal of Geographic Information Systems. 

Batten, S.D.  1998.  A procedure for creation of a land-use/land-cover map of Mississippi.  M.S. thesis.  Department of Forestry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi.

Beardsley, K., and D.M. Stoms.  1993.  Compiling a digital map of areas managed for biodiversity in California.  Natural Areas Journal  13(3):177-190. 

Benjamin, S., J.M. White, D. Argiro, and K. Lowell.  1996.  Land cover mapping with Spectrum.  Pages 279-288 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland. 

Biggs, B., and A. Singh.  1996.  Compiling a Gap Analysis electronic encyclopedia for the World Wide Web.  Pages 289-295 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland. 

Boone, R.B., and W.B. Krohn.  1993.  An analysis of biodiversity in Maine: GIS assessment of terrestrial vertebrate diversity (Poster abstract).  Page 272 in R.D. Briggs and W.B. Krohn, editors.  Nurturing the northeastern forest - stewardship in a changing culture. Maine Agricultural Station Miscellaneous Report.  

Boone, R.B., and W.B. Krohn.  1997. Species occurrence: What, why, and where?  Gap Analysis Bulletin 6:3-6. 

Boone, R.B., and W.B. Krohn.  1998a.  A technique for representing diminishing habitat occupation: Feathering predicted species distributions near range limits in Maine.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 7:41-43. 

Boone, R.B., and W.B. Krohn.  1998b.  Maine Gap Analysis vertebrate data - part I: Distribution, habitat relations, and status of amphibians, reptiles, and mammals in Maine.  Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Orono, Maine.  175 pp. + appendices. 

Boone, R.B., and W.B. Krohn.  1998c.  Maine Gap Analysis vertebrate data - part II: Distribution, habitat relations, and status of breeding birds in Maine.  Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Orono, Maine.  367 pp. + appendices.  

Boone,  R.B., and W.B. Krohn.  1999.  Modeling the occurrence of bird species: Are the errors predictable?  Ecological Applications 9:835-848. 

Boone, R.B., and W.B. Krohn.  2000a.  Partitioning sources of variation in vertebrate species richness.  Journal of Biogeography 27:457-470. 

Boone, R.B., and W.B. Krohn.  2000b.  Relationship between avian range limits and plant transition zones in Maine.  Journal of Biogeography 27:471-482. 

Boone, R.B., and W.B. Krohn.  2000c.  Predicting broad-scale occurrences of vertebrates in patchy landscapes.  Landscape Ecology 15:63-74. 

Bourgeois, P., M. Jennings, and J.B. Johnston. 1994.  Coastal gap analysis: Geographic information for conserving biodiversity.  Pages 143-147 in Second Thematic Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments.  New Orleans, Louisiana, January 31 - February 2, 1994.  Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 

Brackney, E., and P. Crist.  1999.  GAP: The first ten years.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 8:3-6.

Brannon, R.  2000a.  An exploratory look at combining vertebrate models from several states: An overview of vertebrate modeling in the western states.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 9:21-24. 

Brannon, R.  2000b.  An application of a reserve selection algorithm for integrated planning of biodiversity and nonfuel minerals exploration.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 9:51-53. 

Brannon, R., C.B. Yuill, and S.A. Perry.  1995.  Ecological land units, GIS, and remote sensing: Gap Analysis in the central Appalachians.  Pages 255-260 in Seminar Publication.  National Conference on Environmental Problem-Solving with Geographic Information Systems.  Cincinnati, Ohio, September 21-23, 1994.  EPA/625/R-95/004. 

Bueno, M.  1992.  Quantification of cartographic generalization in land cover maps using spatial pattern index measurements derived from digital satellite imagery.  Masters thesis, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, California.

Burke, V.J.  2000.  Landscape ecology and species conservation.  Landscape Ecology 15:1-3. 

Burke, V., and C. Gonzalez-Rebeles.  1998. Gap Analysis for Mexico: An emerging program.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 7:40-41. 

Burton, S., and C.R. Peterson.  1999. Digital atlas of Idaho: A GIS approach to teaching natural history.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 8:53-55. 

Butterfield, B. 1992.  Filling the gap.  Horizon Air Magazine  2(7):8. 

Butterfield, B.R., B. Csuti, and J.M. Scott.  1994.  Modeling vertebrate distributions for Gap Analysis.  Pages 53-68 in  R.I. Miller, editor.  Mapping the diversity of nature.  Chapman and Hall, London. 

Caicco, S.L., J.M. Scott, B. Butterfield, and B. Csuti.  1995.  A gap analysis of the management status of the vegetation of Idaho (U.S.A).  Conservation Biology 9:498-511. 

Camm, J.D., S. Polasky, A. Solow, and B. Csuti.  1996.  A note on optimal algorithms for reserve site selection.  Biological Conservation 78: 353-355.

Campbell, P.  1996.  MRLC update and new rules for TM access: The Landsat program management agreement.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 5:11-12. 

Cantú, C., J.M. Scott, and R.G. Wright.  2001.  The Gap Analysis Program on the assessment of nature reserves of Mexico.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 10:8-10.

Capen, D.E., C.E. Ferree, and E.W. Buford.  1999. Landscape diversity as the basis for a reserve design initiative in Vermont.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 8:51-53. 

Carrero, G., W. Gould, G. González, and J. Ramírez.  In prep.  Native, endemic, nonnative, and critical plants in eight forest types in Puerto Rico: Implications for conservation.  Conservation Biology.

Cassidy, K.M.  1997.  Land cover of Washington State: Description and management.  Volume 1 of the final report for the Washington Gap Analysis Project.  USGS Biological Resources Division/University of Washington, Seattle.  260 pp. 

Cassidy, K.M.  1997.  Washington State land cover manual: Metadata and data dictionary.  Supplement A to final report of Washington Gap Analysis Project.  USGS Biological Resources Division/University of Washington, Seattle.  94 pp. 

Cassidy, K., K. Dvornich, and C. Grue.  1992.  Gap Analysis: A proactive approach to protection of biodiversity.  Northwest Environmental Journal 8:178-179.

Cassidy, K., E.O. Garton, W.B. Krohn, L.S. Mills, J.M. Scott, K. Williams, and B. Csuti.  1994.  Assessing the predictive ability of Gap Analysis vertebrate distribution maps.  Pages Validation 1.1-1.11 in J.M. Scott and M.D. Jennings, editors.  A handbook for Gap Analysis.  Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Cassidy, K.M., C.E. Grue, M.R. Smith, R.E. Johnson, K.M. Dvornich, K.R. McAllister, P.W. Mattocks, Jr., J.E. Cassady, and K.B. Aubry.  2001.  Using current protection status to assess conservation priorities.  Biological Conservation 97:1-20. 

Cassidy, K.M., M.R. Smith, C.E. Grue, K.M. Dvornich, J.E. Cassady, K.R. McAllister, and R.E. Johnson.  1997.  Gap Analysis of Washington State: An evaluation of the protection of biodiversity. Volume 5 of the final report for the Washington Gap Analysis Project.  USGS Biological Resources Division/University of Washington, Seattle.  137 pp. + maps. 

Chadwick, D.H.  1992.  U.S. imperative: Networking habitats.  Defenders  (Sept/Oct.):26-33. 

Church, R., R. Gerrard, A. Hollander, and D. Stoms.  2000. Understanding the tradeoffs between site quality and species presence in reserve site selection.  Forest Science 46:157-167. 

Church, R.L., D.M. Stoms, and F.W. Davis.  1996.  Reserve selection as a maximal covering location problem.  Biological Conservation 76:105-112. 

Church, R.L., D.M.  Stoms, F.W.  Davis, and B.J.  Okin.  1996.  Planning management activities to protect biodiversity with GIS and an integrated optimization model.  In Proceedings of the Third International Conference/Workshop on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling.  National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, Santa Barbara, California.  

Clark, F.  1996.  The Indiana Gap Analysis metaproject approach.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 5:7-9. 

Clark, F.S., and R.B. Slusher.  2000.  Using spatial analysis to drive reserve design: A case study of a national wildlife refuge in Indiana and Illinois (USA).  Landscape Ecology 15:75-84. 

Cogan, C.  1994.  Terrestrial and aquatic Gap Analysis summary of national data resources and identification of cooperators.  Pages Data Layers 4.1-4.13 in J.M. Scott and M.D. Jennings, editors.  A handbook for Gap Analysis.  Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Cogan, C.B.  2001.  Biodiversity predictions: Integrating urban growth models with land cover data and species habitat information.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 10:33-36.

Cogan, C.B.  2002.  Biodiversity conflict analysis at multiple spatial scales.  Pages 229-239 in J.M. Scott, P.J. Heglund, M.L. Morrison et al., editors.  Predicting species occurrences: Issues of accuracy and scale.  Island Press, Washington, D.C.  868 pp. 

Cogan, C., and T.C. Edwards, Jr.  1994.  Metadata standards for Gap Analysis.  Pages Metadata 1.1-1.20 in J.M. Scott and M.D. Jennings, editors.  A handbook for Gap Analysis.  Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Congalton, R.G.  1996.  Accuracy assessment: A critical component of land cover mapping.  Pages 119-131 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland. 

Corbley, K.P.  1996.  National GIS fills "gaps" in biological diversity.  GIS World 9(8):50-53.

Covert, S.A., M. Haltuch, and T. Wilson.  2001. What is the Ohio Gap Analysis Program (GAP)?  USGS Fact Sheet FS-093-01.

Cox, J.D.  1997.  A review of MetaMaker.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 6:27-28. 

Cox, J., R. Kautz, M. MacLaughlin, and T. Gilbert.  1994.  Closing the gaps in Florida's wildlife habitat system.  Office of Environmental Studies, Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission.  

Crist, P.  1995.  Gap Analysis: A federal initiative for cooperative data development, analysis, and planning.  Environmental Planning 12(4):3-5. 

Crist, P.  1996.  Gap Analysis: A federal initiative for cooperative data development, analysis, and planning.  The Western Planner 17(1):4-8. 

Crist, P.  1998.  Decision support systems: New tools for data users.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 7:3-8. 

Crist, P.  2000a.  Animal-distribution modeling in gap analysis: An evolving science.  Conservation Biology (Letters)14:1224-1225.

Crist, P.  2000b.  Regional approaches to modeling animal distributions: Status of current projects and outlook.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 9:25-28. 

Crist, P., and M. Jennings.  1997.  Regionalizing state-level data.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 6:15-16. 

Crist, P., and M. Jennings.  1999.  A gap analysis of the Lewis & Clark Trail: Fort Peck Dam to Great Falls, Montana.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 8:55-56. 

Crist, P.J., T.W. Kohley, and J. Oakleaf.  2000.  Assessing land-use impacts on biodiversity using an expert systems tool.  Landscape Ecology 15:47-62. 

Crist, P.J., J.S. Prior-Magee, and B.C. Thompson.  1996.  Land management status categorization in Gap Analysis: A potential enhancement.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 5:20-22. 

Crist, P., and J.M. Scott.  1999a.  Experience and trends in animal distribution modeling.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 8:11-14. 

Crist, P., and J.M. Scott.  1999b. Identifying the gaps, locating the reserves: Some thoughts on getting gap analysis into conservation practice.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 8:14-16. 

Crowe, R.E.  1996.  Use of Gap Analysis in regional planning in southern California.  Pages 221-238 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland. 

Csuti, B.  1989.  Invertebrate conservation: The key to preserving biological diversity.  Ohio Lepidopterist 11(2):18-20.

Csuti, B. 1991.  Conservation corridors: Countering habitat fragmentation.  Introduction.  Pages 81-90 in W.E. Hudson, editor.  Landscape linkages and biodiversity.  Island Press, Washington, D.C. 

Csuti, B. 1992.  Nature conservation: Cost effective biological surveys and data analysis (Review).  Journal of Wildlife Management 56:621-622.

Csuti, B. 1994a.  Gap Analysis approaches to mapping and managing biodiversity.  Plant Science Bulletin 40:118-120.

Csuti, B. 1994b.  Gap Analysis: Identification of priority areas for biodiversity management and conservation.  Pages Analysis 1.1-1.35 in J.M. Scott and M.D. Jennings, editors.  A handbook for Gap Analysis.  Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Csuti, B. 1994c.  Gap analysis: Mapping biodiversity for conservation and management.  Endangered Species UPDATE 11(5):1-4.

Csuti, B. 1994d.  Methods for developing terrestrial vertebrate distribution maps for Gap Analysis.  Pages Data Layers 2.1-2.52 in J.M. Scott and M.D. Jennings, editors.  A handbook for Gap Analysis.  Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Csuti, B.  1996a.  The role of winter bird distribution in conservation planning.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 5:47. 

Csuti, B.  1996b.  Mapping animal distribution areas for Gap Analysis.  Pages 135-145 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland. 

Csuti, B., L.A. Graham, and J.M. Scott.  1995.  Gap analysis: A spatial approach to identifying representative areas for maintaining biodiversity.  Pages 537-541 in J.A. Bissonette and P.R. Krausman, editors.  Integrating people and wildlife for a sustainable future.  The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, Maryland.

Csuti, B., R.C. Harmon, and D. Stoms.  1993.  Mapping biodiversity for conservation planning.  ARC News  15(1):22-23.

Csuti, B., P.J. Kennelly, S.M. Meyers, and K. Sahr.  1997.  Current status of biodiversity indicators using GIS.  In 1997 ESRI User Conference Proceedings.  Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, California.

Csuti, B., and R. Kiester.  1996.  Hierarchical Gap Analysis for identifying priority areas for biodiversity.  Pages 25-37 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland. 

Csuti, B., A.J. Kimerling, T.A. O'Neil, M.M. Shaughnessy, E P. Gaines, and M.M.P. Huso.  1997.  Atlas of Oregon Wildlife: Distribution, habitat, and natural history.  Oregon State University Press, Corvallis. 

Csuti, B., T.A. O’Neil, M.M. Shaughnessy, E.P. Gaines, and J.C. Hak.  2001.  Atlas of Oregon Wildlife, second edition.  Oregon State University Press, Corvallis.

Csuti, B., S. Polasky, P.H. Williams, R.L. Pressey, J.D. Camm, M. Kershaw, A.R. Kiester, B. Downs, R. Hamilton, M. Huso, K. Sahr.  1997.  A comparison of reserve selection algorithms using data on terrestrial vertebrates in Oregon.  Biological Conservation 80:83-97.

Csuti, B., and J.M. Scott.  1991a.  Mapping wildlife diversity for Gap Analysis.  Western Wildlands  17(3):13-18. 

Csuti, B., and J.M. Scott.  1991b.  Northwestern biodiversity initiative.  Natural Resource News  (Spring 1991):7. 

Csuti, B., J.M. Scott, and J. Estes.  1987.  Looking beyond species-oriented conservation. Endangered Species UPDATE  5(2):4.  

Cully, J., and G. Kaufman.  1997.  Kansas: An example of GAP partnering.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 6:29-31.

Dateo, D.M., M.E. Estey, K.F. Higgins, J.A. Jenks, and R.R. Johnson.  1997.  Use of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service easements for the South Dakota GAP stewardship layer.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 6:20-21. 

Davis, F.W.  1991.  Geographic information systems analysis of biodiversity in California.  Pages 29-30 in Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual ESRI User Conference. 

Davis, F.W., J.E. Estes, B.C. Csuti, J.M. Scott, D. Stoms, M. Painho, P. Stine, A. Hollander, R. Walker, M. Bueno, C. Cogan, and V. Gray.  1991.  Geographic Information Systems analysis of biodiversity in California.  Final Report - Year 1.  Department of Geography, University of California.  Santa Barbara, California.  

Davis, F.W., P.A. Stine, and D.M. Stoms.  1994.  Distribution and conservation status of coastal sage scrub in southwestern California.  Journal of Vegetation Science 5:743-756. 

Davis, F.W., P.A. Stine, D.M. Stoms, M.I. Borchert, and A.D. Hollander.  1995.  Gap Analysis of the actual vegetation of California - 1. The southwestern region.  Madrońo 42:40-78. 

Davis, F.W., and D.M. Stoms.  1992.  Gap Analysis of biodiversity in California.  Pages 23-29 in H.M. Kerner, editor.  Proceedings of the Symposium on Biodiversity of Northwestern California.  Wildland Resources Center Report 29.  University of California, Berkeley, California. 

Davis, F.W, and D.M. Stoms.  1996a.  A spatial analytical hierarchy for Gap Analysis.  Pages 15-24 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Davis, F.W., and D.M.  Stoms.  1996b.  Sierran vegetation: A gap analysis.  Pages 671-689 in Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, vol.  II, Assessments and scientific basis for management options.  University of California-Davis, Centers for Water and Wildlands Resources, Davis, California.  

Davis, F.W., and D.M.  Stoms.  1996c.  Geographic Information Systems analysis of biodiversity in California.  Final report to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation.  Institute for Computational Earth System Science, University of Califonia, Santa Barbara, California.  168 p.

Davis, F.W., D.M.  Stoms, R.L.  Church, B.J.  Okin, and K.N.  Johnson.  1996.  Selecting biodiversity management areas.  Pages 1503-1528 in Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, vol.  II, Assessments and scientific basis for management options.  University of California-Davis, Centers for Water and Wildlands Resources, Davis, California. 

Davis, F.W., D.M. Stoms, J.E. Estes, J. Scepan, and J.M. Scott.  1990.  An information systems approach to the preservation of biological diversity.  International Journal of  Geographic Information Systems  4(1):55-78. 

Davis, F.W., D.M. Stoms, A.D. Hollander, K.A. Thomas, P.A. Stine, D. Odion, and M.I. Borchert.  1998.  A gap analysis of California.  Final report of the California Gap Analysis Project.  USGS Biological Resources Division/University of California, Santa Barbara.  305 pp. 

Davis, F.W., D.  Stoms, P.  Stine, A.  Hollander, M.  Borchert, M.  Bueno, K.  Beardsley, and V.  Gray.  1994.  Gap Analysis of the Southwestern California region.  NCGIA Technical Report 94-04.  National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, Santa Barbara, California.  86 p.

DeGloria, S.D., M. Laba, and S.K. Gregory.  2001.  Mapping the state of New York from Landsat TM - Labelled remotely sensed imagery: Fuzzy and conventional accuracy assessment.  GIM International 15(2):76-79. 

DeGloria, S.D., M. Laba, S.K. Gregory, J. Braden, D. Ogurcak, E. Hill, E. Fegraus, J. Fiore, A. Stalter, J. Beecher, R. Elliott, and J. Weber.  2001.  Conventional and fuzzy accuracy assessment of land cover maps at regional scale.  Proceeedings, 4th International Symposium on Spatial Accuracy Assessment in Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, July 2000, Amsterdam. 

Deitner, R.A., B.C. Thompson, and J.S. Prior-Magee.  1999.  Assessing inter-project data compatibility and information distribution for conservation planning using New Mexico Gap Analysis data.  New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Las Cruces, New Mexico.  25 pp. + appendices. 

Deitner, R.A., B.C. Thompson, and J.S. Prior-Magee.  1999.  Assessing data quality and information distribution prospects for county conservation planning using New Mexico Gap Analysis data.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 8:40-43. 

D'Erchia, F., B. Drazkowski, and T. Owens, editors.  1993.  Proceedings of the Upper Midwest Gap Analysis workshop, Jan. 12, 1993, Onalaska, WI.  NBS Environmental Management Technical Center 93-PO13. 

Diamond, D.D., T.M. Gordon, and K. He.  2000.  Collection and processing of a high volume of field data for the Missouri land use/land cover mapping project.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 9:8-11. 

Docherty, M., E. Hertz, C. Gesauldo, R. Dressler, and J. McPhedran.  2000. Habitat-based approach to open space planning.  Maine IS Technology 4(8):1-2. 

Driese, K.L., W.A.  Reiners, E.H.  Merrill, and K.G.  Gerow.  1997.  A digital land cover map of Wyoming, USA: A tool for vegetation analysis.  Journal of Vegetation Science 8:133-146. 

Duever, L.C., and R.F. Noss.  1990.  A computerized method of priority ranking for natural areas.  Pages 22-33 in R.S. Mitchell, C.J. Sheviak, and D.J. Leopold, editors.  Ecosystem management: Rare species and significant habitats.  Bulletin No. 471, New York State Museum, Albany, New York. 

Durham, D.  1996.  Managing natural resources: A planning guide for Franklin County.  The Tennessee Conservation League.  10 p. 

Durham, D.  1997.  Conservation planning and local governments.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 6:31-32. 

Dvornich, K.  1998.  The NatureMapping Program's first five years.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 7:33-35. 

Dvornich, K.M., K.R. McAllister, and K.B. Aubry.  1997.  Amphibians and reptiles of Washington State: Location data and predicted distributions. Volume 2 of the final report for the Washington Gap Analysis Project.  USGS Biological Resources Division/University of Washington, Seattle.  146 pp.

Dzur, R.  1996.  Expanding roles for Gap Analysis data in Arkansas.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 5:9-11. 

Dzur, R., M.E. Garner, K.G. Smith, and W.F. Limp.  1996.  Gap Analysis partnerships for mapping the vegetation of Arkansas.  Pages 179-186 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland. 

Edwards, T.C., Jr.  1995.  Protection status of vegetation cover-types in Utah.  Pages 463-464 in E.T. LaRoe, G.S. Farris, C.E. Puckett, P.D. Doran, and M.J. Mac, editors.  Our living resources.  National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. 

Edwards, T.C., Jr.  1996.  Letters: Data defensibility and Gap Analysis.  BioScience 46:75-77. 

Edwards, T.C., Jr., E.T. Deshler, D. Foster, and G.G. Moisen.  1996.  Adequacy of wildlife habitat relation models for estimating spatial distributions of terrestrial vertebrates.  Conservation Biology 10:263-270. 

Edwards, T.C., Jr., C.G. Homer, and S.D. Bassett.  1994.  Land management categorization: A user's guide.  Pages Data Layers 3.1-3.6 in J.M. Scott and M.D. Jennings, editors.  A handbook for Gap Analysis.  Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Edwards, T.C., Jr., C.H. Homer, S.D. Bassett, A. Falconer, R.D. Ramsey, and D.W. Wight. 1995.  Utah Gap Analysis: An environmental information system.  Final Project Report 95-1, Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Utah State University, Logan, Utah. 

Edwards, T.C., Jr., G.G. Moisen, and D.R. Cutler.  1998.  Assessing map accuracy in a remotely sensed, ecoregion-scale cover map.  Remote Sensing of the Environment. 63:73-83. 

Edwards, T.C., Jr., and J.M. Scott. 1994.  Use of gap analysis as a tool for the management of biodiversity.  Pages 82-86 in I.D. Thompson, senior editor.  Proceedings, International Union of Game Biologists, XXI Congress; August 15, 1993, Halifax, Canada.  Volume 1. 

Edwards, T.C., Jr., J.M. Scott, C.G. Homer, and R.D. Ramsey.  1993.  Gap Analysis: A geographic approach for assessing national biological diversity.  Natural Resources and Environmental Issues 2:65-71. 

Egbert, S., C. Lauver, C. Blodgett, K. Price, and E. Martinko.  1997.  Mapping the Kansas grasslands: A multiseasonal approach.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 6:12-13. 

ERDAS, Inc.  1996.  Eye on the environment.  Monitor (Winter 1996): 8-10.

Estes, J.  1996.  A perspective on trends in conservation, GAP, and a vision for the future of biodiversity managed areas.  Pages 299-306 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Eve, M., and J. Merchant.  1997.  The Nebraska Gap Analysis Project: Geographic information for land resource managers.  Center for Grassland Studies 3(4):1,5.

Eve, M.D., J.W. Merchant, and K.C. Kroll.  1997.  A preliminary analysis of GAP land cover mapping procedures.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 6:14-15. 

Falconer, A., T.C. Edwards, Jr., C.G. Homer, and J.M. Scott.  1994.  Biodiversity assessment: Remote sensing and GIS products for Gap Analysis.  Pages 341-349 in Land information from space based systems: Proceedings of the Pecora 12 Symposium.  ASPRS, Bethesda, Maryland.

Falconer, A., T.C. Edwards, Jr., and J.M. Scott.  1994.  Environmental data base products for decision-making: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Gap Analysis prototype.  Pages 73-81 in A. Singh, editor.  Proceedings of the International Workshop on Developing Large Environmental Data Bases for Sustainable Development, United Nations Environment Programme Series No. 22.

Falconer, A., D. Wight, R.D. Ramsey, T. Edwards, S. Bassett, and C. Homer.  1996.  Issues of GIS: "Database thinking" and database structure.  Pages 259-268 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland. 

Fertig, W.  1999.  Predictive modeling of rare plant species.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 8:18-19. 

Fertig, W., and W.A. Reiners.  2002.  Predicting presence/absence of plant species for range mapping : A case study from Wyoming.  Pages 483-489 in J.M. Scott, P.J. Heglund, M. Morrison, M. Raphael, J. Haufler, and B. Wall, editors.  Predicting species occurrences: Issues of scale and accuracy.  Island Press, Washington, D.C.  868 pp.     

Fertig, W., W.A. Reiners, and R.L. Hartman.  1998.  Gap analysis for plant species.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 7:24-25. 

Fertig, W., and R. Thurston.  2001.  Gap analysis of the flora of Wyoming.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 10:3-6.

Fisher, W.L., and M.S. Gregory.  2001.  Managing biodiversity in Oklahoma: A case for private land conservation.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 10:6-7.

Flather, C.H., K.R.  Wilson, D.J.  Dean, and W.C.  McComb.  1997.  Identifying gaps in conservation networks: Of indicators and uncertainty in geographic-based analyses.  Ecological Applications 7:531-542.  

Ford, R., R. Redmond, and S. Barsness.  1997.  "Merge": Breakthrough software for user-defined MMUs.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 6:22-23.

Forester, D.J., G.E. Machlis, and J.E. McKendry.  1996.  Extending Gap Analysis to include socioeconomic factors.  Pages 39-53 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland. Freiman, C.  1993.  Filling the gaps.  Science World  49(13):14-16.

Frescino, T.S., T.C. Edwards, Jr., and G.G. Moisen.  2001.  Modelling spatially explicit forest structural variables using generalized additive models.  Journal of Vegetation Science 12:15-26. 

Gap Analysis Bulletin.  1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001.  USGS/BRD Gap Analysis Program, Moscow, Idaho.

            Note:  Virtually all state GAP projects publish individual newsletters.

Gaydos, L.  1996.  Today's land cover mapping.  Pages 67-70 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland. 

Gon, S.M., III, A. Allison, R.J. Cannarella, J.D. Jacobi, M.H. Kido, S.E. Miller, and D.E. Orodenker.  1999.  Hawaii: A tropical insular approach to gap analysis.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 8:16-17. 

Gonzalez-Rebeles, C., V.J. Burke, M.D. Jennings, G. Ceballos, and N.C. Parker.  1998.  Transnational gap analysis of the Rio Bravo/Rio Grande region.  Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 64:1115-1118.

Gonzalez-Rebeles, C., N.C. Parker, V. Burke, M. Jennings, and G. Ceballos.  1997.  First international Gap Analysis project.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 6:33-34.

Gonzalez-Rebeles, C., N.C. Parker, R.W. Sims, Y. Lan, and M. Cano.  1997.  Spectrum software for Texas Gap Analysis.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 6:24-27. 

Gonzalez-Rebeles, C., B.C. Thompson, and F.C Bryant.  2002. Influence of selected environmental variables on GIS-habitat models used for gap analysis.  Pages 639-651 in J.M. Scott, P.J. Heglund, M.L. Morrison et al., editors.  Predicting species occurrences: Issues of accuracy and scale.  Island Press, Washington, D.C.  868 pp. 

Graham, L.A.  1993.  Airborne video for near real time natural resource applications.  Journal of Forestry (August):28-32. 

Gray, M.V.  1994.  A digital multipurpose vegetation map for the Colorado Desert of California.  Masters thesis.  Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, California.

Griffin, C.R., and T.W. French.  1992.  Protection of threatened and endangered species and their habitats by state regulations:  The Massachusetts initiative.  Pages 674-683 in Transactions of the Fifty-seventh North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference. 

Groves, C.  1992.  Beyond endangered species:  Gap Analysis.  Idaho Wildlife 12(1):26-27. 

Groves, C.R., B. Butterfield, A. Lippincott, B. Csuti, and J.M. Scott.  1997.  Atlas of Idaho's Wildlife: Integrating Gap Analysis and Natural Heritage information.  Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program, Boise, Idaho. 

Groves, C.R., L.S. Kutner, D.M. Stoms, M.P. Murray, J.M. Scott, M. Schafale, A.S. Weakley, and R.L. Pressey.  2000.  Owning up to our responsibilities: Who owns lands important for biodiversity?  Pages 275-297 in B.A. Stein, L.S. Kutner, and J.S. Adams, editors.  Precious heritage: The status of biodiversity in the United States.  The Nature Conservancy and Association for Biodiversity Information.  Oxford University Press, New York. 

Grue, C., K. Cassidy, M. Smith, K. Dvornich, J. Cassady, and S. Fregien.  1996.  Use of Gap Analysis data to establish goals and priorities for individual land management units - national wildlife refuges in Washington state.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 5:16-18. 

Halbert, S., M.D. Jennings, C. Cogan, S. Quisenberry, and J.B. Johnson.  1995.  Potential use of suction trap collections of aphids as indicators of plant biodiversity.  Pages 499-503 in N. Stark and R. Harrington, editors.  Insects in a changing environment.  Academic Press, London.  

Hannum, K.  1998.  Oregon venture highlights biodiversity.  Defenders 73(3). 

Helmer, E.H.. O. Ramos, T. del Mar Lopez, M. Quińones, and W. Diaz.  2002.  Mapping forest type and land cover of Puerto Rico, an island within the Caribbean biodiversity hotspot.  Caribbean Journal of Science 38:165-183.

Henebry, G.M., and J.W. Merchant.  2002.  Geospatial data in time: Limits and prospects for predicting species occurrences.  Pages 291-302 in J.M. Scott, P.J. Heglund, M.L. Morrison et al., editors.  Predicting species occurrences: Issues of accuracy and scale.  Island Press, Washington, D.C.  868 pp.

Henebry, G.M., B.C. Putz, and J.W. Merchant.  2001.  Modeling reptile and amphibian range distributions from species occurrences and landscape variables.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 10:22-24.

Henebry, G.M., J.W. Merchant, J.W. Fischer, and D. Garrison.  2000.  Expert review for land cover: Integrating information from specific comments and evaluating the results.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 9:18-20. 

Hepinstall, J.A., W.B. Krohn, and S.A. Sader.  2002.  Effects of niche width on the performance and agreement of avian habitat models.  Pages 593-606 in J.M. Scott, P.J. Heglund, M.L. Morrison et al., editors.  Predicting species occurrences: Issues of accuracy and scale.  Island Press, Washington, D.C.  868 pp. 

Hepinstall, J.A., S.A. Sader, W.B. Krohn, R.B. Boone, and R.I. Bartlett.  2000.  Development and testing of a vegetation and land cover map of Maine.  Technical Bulletin 173, Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station, University of Maine.  104 pp. 

Herdendorf, M., and P. Crist.  1998.  Refuge-GAP: A GAP decision support system for refuge planning.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 7:9-10. 

Hollander, A.D., F.W. Davis, and D.M. Stoms.  1994.  Hierarchical representations of species distributions using maps, images, and sighting data.  Pages 71-88 in R.I. Miller, editor.  Mapping the diversity of nature.  Chapman and Hall, London. 

Homer, C., and P. Crist.  1999.  Land cover characterization in gap analysis: Past, present, and future.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 8:8-10. 

Homer, C.H., T.C. Edwards, Jr., S.D. Bassett, C. Crosby, A. Falconer, D. Wight, and R.D. Ramsey.  1993.  Maps and data for Gap Analysis: The Utah prototype for state reports on biodiversity developed using ERDAS Imagine 8.0.1.  Proceedings of the 1993 ERDAS Users' Group Meeting 93:27-36.

Homer, C.G., T.C. Edwards, Jr., D.H. Ramsey, and K.H. Price.  1993.  Use of remote sensing methods in modeling sage grouse winter habitat.  Journal of Wildlife Management   57:78-84. 

Homer, C.G., R.D. Ramsey, T.C. Edwards, Jr., and A. Falconer.  1997.  Landscape cover-type modeling using a multi-scene Thematic Mapper mosaic.  Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 63:59-67.  

Horwitz, L., J. Mosesso, and R. Dietz.  2000.  Enhancing the GAP organization.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 9:4-5. 

Jacobs, S.R., K.A. Thomas, and C.A. Drost.  2001. Mapping land cover and animal species distributions for conservation planning: An overview of the Southwest Regional Gap Analysis Program in Arizona.  Pages 159-172 in C. van Riper III, K.A. Thomas, and M.A. Stuart, editors. Proceedings of the Fifth Biennial Conference of Research on the Colorado Plateau. FRESC Report Series USGS FRESC/COPL/2001/24.

Jennings, M.D.  1993.  Natural terrestrial cover classification: Assumptions and definitions.  Gap Analysis Technical Bulletin 2.  Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. 

Jennings, M.D.  1994a.  Cooperative structure and funding for state Gap Analysis projects.  Pages Management 1.1-1.4 in J.M. Scott and M.D. Jennings, editors.  A handbook for Gap Analysis.  Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Jennings, M.D.  1994b.  National Gap Analysis project standards.  Pages GAP Standards 1.1-1.6 in J.M. Scott and M.D. Jennings, editors.  A handbook for Gap Analysis.  Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Jennings, M.D.  1994c.  Satellite imagery, pattern delineation, and cooperative mapping of land cover.  Pages Imagery 1.1-1.5 in J.M. Scott and M.D. Jennings, editors.  A handbook for Gap Analysis.  Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Jennings, M.D.  1995a.  Habitat assessments: Overview.  Pages 461-462 in E.T. LaRoe, G.S. Farris, C.E. Puckett, P.D. Doran, and M.J. Mac, editors.  Our living resources.  National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. 

Jennings, M.D.  1995b.  Gap Analysis today:  A confluence of biology, ecology, and geography for management of biological resources.  Wildlife Society Bulletin 23:658-662.

Jennings, M.D.  1995c.  A discussion of the adoption and diffusion of Gap Analysis as a technical innovation.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 4:3-6. 

Jennings, M.D.  1996a.  Mapping units: Their classification and nomenclature for Gap Analysis land cover data.  Pages 71-78 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland. 

Jennings, M.D.  1996b.  Some scales for describing biodiversity.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 5:3-4. 

Jennings, M.D.  1996c.  The Ecological Society of America's Vegetation Classification Panel. Gap Analysis Bulletin 5:13-14.

Jennings, M.D.  1997a.  Progressing toward a standardized classification of vegetation for the U.S.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 6:16-19.

Jennings, M.D.  1997b.  In pursuit of the aquatic component of Gap Analysis.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 6:35. 

Jennings, M.D.  2000.  Gap analysis: Concepts, methods, and recent results.  Landscape Ecology 15:5-20. 

Jennings, M.D., E. Brackney, P. Crist, and B. Sorbel.  1996.  Gap Analysis Program status report: 1994 and 1995 fiscal years.  National Biological Service/National Gap Analysis Program, Moscow, Idaho. 

Jennings, M.D., B. Csuti, and J.M. Scott.  1997.  Wildlife habitat relationship models: Distribution and abundance.  Conservation Biology 11:1271-1272.  

Jennings, M.D., and P.J. Heglund.  1995.  The aquatic component of Gap Analysis.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 4:6-7.

Jennings, M., J. Mosesso, and J.M. Scott.  1999.  GAP: The next ten years.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 8:6-8. 

Jennings, M.D., and J.M. Scott.  1993a.  Building a macroscope: How well do places managed for biodiversity match reality?  Renewable Resources Journal (Summer):16-20. 

Jennings, M.D., and J.M. Scott.  1993b.  Gap Analysis: Information for conserving biodiversity.  Idaho Forester:40-41.

Johnson, R.E., and K.M. Cassidy.  1997.  Terrestrial mammals of Washington State: Location data and predicted distributions. Volume 3 of the final report for the Washington Gap Analysis Project.  USGS Biological Resources Division/University of Washington, Seattle.  304 pp. 

Joly, K., and W.L. Myers.  2001. Patterns of mammalian species richness and habitat associations in Pennsylvania. Biological Conservation 99:253-260.

Kagan, J.S., J.C. Hak, B. Csuti, C.W. Kiilsgaard, and E.P. Gaines.  1999.  A gap analysis of Oregon.  Final report of the Oregon Gap Analysis Project.  USGS Biological Resources Division/Oregon Natural Heritage Program, Portland, Oregon. 

Kareiva, P.  1993.  No shortcuts in new maps.  Nature 365:292-293. 

Karl, J.W., P.J. Heglund, E.O. Garton, J.M. Scott, N.M. Wright, and R.L. Hutto.  2000.  Sensitivity of species habitat-relationship model performance to factors of scale.  Ecological Applications 10:1690-1705. 

Karl, J.W., L.K. Svancara, P.J. Heglund, N.M. Wright, and J.M. Scott.  2002.  Species commonness and the accuracy of habitat-relationship models.  Pages 573-580 in J.M. Scott, P.J. Heglund, M.L. Morrison et al., editors.  Predicting species occurrences: Issues of accuracy and scale.  Island Press, Washington, D.C.  868 pp. 

Karl, J.W., N.M. Wright, P.J. Heglund, and J.M. Scott.  1999.  Obtaining environmental measures to facilitate vertebrate habitat modeling.  Wildlife Society Bulletin 27:357-365. 

Kaufman, G., J. Cully, G. Henebry, J. Jenks, K. Kane, E. Klaas, J. Merchant, V. Smith, and L. Strong.  2000.  Partnering in Great Plains regional GAP.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 9:5-7. 

Kiester, A.R., J.M. Scott, B. Csuti, R.F. Noss, B. Butterfield, K.  Sahr, and D.  White.  1996.  Conservation prioritization using GAP data.  Conservation Biology 10:1332-1342. 

Kiester, A.R., D. White, E.M. Preston, L.L. Master, T.R. Loveland, D.F. Bradford, B.A. Csuti, R.J. O'Connor, F.W. Davis, and D.M. Stoms.  1993.  Research plan for pilot studies of the biodiversity research consortium.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. 

King, D.I., C.R. Griffin, P. Champlain, and T. Crowningshield.  In review.  An evaluation of the use of The Nature Conservancy vegetation classification for mapping bird distributions at Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge.  Submitted to Natural Areas Journal.  

Knetter, S.J.  2000.  Beyond composition: Incorporating landscape pattern into Gap Analysis vertebrate distribution models.  A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Wildlife Ecology). University of Wisconsin-Madison.  85 pp. 

Kohley, T.W., J.D. Hamerlinck, M.E. Herdendorf, P. Crist, and S.P. Gloss.  1998.  The Wyoming Bioinformation Node: A state-level implementation of the National Biological Information Infrastructure.  SDVC Report 98-02. 51 pp. 

Krohn, W.B.  1996.  Predicted vertebrate distributions from Gap Analysis: Considerations in the designs of statewide accuracy assessments.  Pages 147-162 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.  

Krohn, W.B., R.B. Boone, S.A. Sader, J.A. Hepinstall, S.M. Schaefer, and S.L. Painton.  1998.  Maine Gap Analysis: A geographic analysis of biodiversity.  Final report of Maine Gap Analysis Project.   Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Orono, Maine. 123 pp. + appendices. 

Krohn, W.B., R.B. Boone, and S.L. Painton.  1999.  Quantitative delineation and characterization of hierarchical biophysical regions of Maine.  Northeastern Naturalist 6:139-164. 

Lavin, S., T. Weicherding, J. Levengood, and J. Aycrigg.  2001.  Applying Geographic Information Systems technology to the ecological risk assessment process in Illinois.  Illinois Natural History Survey Reports No. 367:3,5. 

Lawler, J.J., and T.C. Edwards, Jr.  2002.  Landscape patterns as predictors of nesting habitat: Building and testing models for four species of cavity-nesting birds.  Landscape Ecology 17:233-245.

Lillesand, T.M.  1996.  A protocol for satellite-based land cover classification in the Upper Midwest.  Pages 103-118 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland. 

Lillesand, T., J. Chipman, D. Nagel, H. Reese, M. Bobo, and R. Goldmann.  1998.  Upper Midwest Gap Analysis Program image processing protocol.  Report prepared for the U.S. Geological Survey, Environmental Management Technical Center, Onalaska, Wisconsin. 

Linder, K.  1993.  Planning for maintaining biodiversity.  The Tennessee Conservationist 18. 

Lins, K.F., and R.L. Kleckner.  1996.  Land use and land cover mapping in the United States: An overview and history of the concept.  Pages 57-65 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland. 

Lomolino, M.V.  1994.  An evaluation of alternative strategies for building networks of nature reserves.  Biological Conservation 69:243-249.

Loveland, T.R., and H.L. Hutcheson.  1995.  Monitoring changes in landscapes from satellite imagery.  Pages 468-473 in E.T. LaRoe, G.S. Farris, C.E. Puckett, P.D. Doran, and M.J. Mac, editors.  Our living resources.  National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. 

Loveland, T.R., and D. Shaw.  1996.  Multi-resolution land characterization: Building collaborative partnerships.  Pages 79-85 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland. 

Ma, Z., M.M. Hart, and R.L. Redmond.  2001.  Mapping vegetation across large geographic areas: Integration of remote sensing and GIS to classify multisource data.  Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 67:295-307. 

Ma, Z., and R.L. Redmond.  1992.  Building attribute tables for raster GIS files with ARC/INFO.  Gap Analysis Technical Bulletin 1.  Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.  

Ma, Z., and R.L. Redmond.  1995.  Tau coefficients for accuracy assessment of classification of remote sensing data.  Photogrammetic Engineering and Remote Sensing 61:435-439.

Ma, Z., and R.L. Redmond.  1996.  Building attribute tables for raster GIS files with ARC/INFO.  Pages 198-201 in S. Morain and S. Lopez Baros, editors.  Raster imagery in Geographic Information Systems.  OnWord Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

Machlis, G.E.  1992.  The contribution of sociology to biodiversity research and management.  Biological Conservation 62:161-170. 

Machlis, G.E., and D. Forester.  1992.  Extended Gap Analysis: A technique for biodiversity management of protected areas.  Paper presented at the IVth World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas.  Caracas, Venezuela, February 10-12, 1992.  

Machlis, G.E., D.J. Forester, and J.E. McKendry.  1994a.  Biodiversity Gap Analysis: Critical challenges and solutions.  A report on an advanced research workshop at Semiahmoo, Washington.  Contribution No. 736, Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.  

Machlis, G.E., D.J. Forester, and J.E. McKendry.  1994b.  Gap analysis and national parks: Adding the socioeconomic dimension.  Park Science 14(1):6-10. 

Machlis, G.E., J.M. Scott, D.J. Forester, and C.B. Cogan.  1995.  The application of gap analysis to decision making in the U.S. National Wildlife Refuge System.  Pages 566-574 in Transactions of the 59th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference (1994).  Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, D.C. 

Manis, G., C. Homer, R.D. Ramsey, J. Lowry, T. Sajwaj, and S. Graves.  2000.  The development of mapping zones to assist in land cover mapping over large geographic areas: A case study of the Southwest ReGAP project.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 9:13-16. 

Manis, G., J. Lowry, and R.D. Ramsey.  2001.  Preclassification: An ecologically predictive landform model.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 10:11-13.

Marina, M.  2001.  Planting seeds for conservation planning in Tennessee.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 10:41-42.

Master, L.  1996.  Predicting distributions for vertebrate species: Some observations.  Pages 171-176 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland. 

Master, L., and M.D. Jennings.  1993.  Hexagons: A new way to display predicted distributions of vertebrate species.  GAP Analysis Bulletin 3:6-7. 

Mattson, D.J.  1996.  Modeling grizzly bear habitat suitability in Idaho.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 5:18-19. 

McCombs, J., S. Klopfer, D. Morton, and J. Waldon.  1997. An alternative approach to land cover mapping in complex terrain.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 6:21-22. 

McKendry, J.E., and G.E. Machlis.  1993.  The role of geography in extending biodiversity gap analysis.  Applied Geography 13:135-152. 

McKerrow, A.J., and S.G. Williams.  1998.  Rule-based image interpretation.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 7:28-29. 

McKinney, L.B., M.G. Joselyn, J.L. Aycrigg, and P.W. Brown.  1998.  Identification of large grassland ecosystems in Illinois.  Final report for Phase II, prepared for Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Division of Natural Heritage, Springfield, Illinois.

Meixler, M.S., and M.B. Bain.  1998.  Final report summary: New York aquatic GAP pilot project.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 7:21-22.

Meixler, M.S., and M.B. Bain.  1999.  Update on New York aquatic GAP pilot project.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 8:39.

Menard, S.  2000. Managing land cover map units among states, regions, and the USNVC.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 9:16. 

Menard, S., and C. Lauver.  2000.  Using ecological systems as land cover map units for GAP.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 9:12. 

Merrill, E.H., T.W. Kohley, M.E. Herdendorf, W.A. Reiners, K.L. Driese, R.W. Marrs, and S.H. Anderson.  1996.  A gap analysis of Wyoming.  Final report of the Wyoming Gap Analysis Project.  USGS Biological Resources Division/University of Wyoming, Laramie.  109 pp. + appendices. 

Merrill, T., R.G. Wright, and J.M. Scott.  1995.  Using ecological criteria to evaluate wilderness planning options in Idaho.  Environmental Management 19:815-825. 

Moisen, G.G., D.R.  Cutler, and T.C.  Edwards, Jr.  1999.  Generalized linear mixed models for analyzing error in a satellite-based vegetation map of Utah.  Pages 37-44 in H.T. Mowrer and R.G. Congalton, editors.  Quantifying spatial uncertainty in natural resources.  Theory and applications for GIS and remote sensing, Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, Michigan. 

Moisen, G.G., and T.C. Edwards, Jr.  1999.  Use of generalized linear models and digital data in a forest inventory of northern Utah.  Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics 4:164-182. 

Moisen, G.G., T.C. Edwards, Jr., and D.R. Cutler.  1994.  Spatial sampling to assess classification accuracy of remotely sensed data.  Pages 159-176 in W.K. Michener, J.W. Brunt, and S.G. Stafford, editors.  Environmental information management and analysis:  Ecosystem to global scales.  Taylor & Francis.

Moisen, G.G., T.C. Edwards, Jr., and D. Van Hooser.  1998.  Merging regional forest inventory data with satellite-based information through non-linear regression methods.  Pages 123-129 in T. Ranchin and L. Wald, editors.  Fusion of earth data: Merging point measurements, raster maps, and remotely sensed images.  SEE/URISCA, Nice, France.

Munson-McGee, M.  1997.  Mapmakers plot means to protect species.  New Mexico Magazine, December:17. 

Murtha, P.A., J. Maedel, and J. Morrison.  1996.  Ecoregion and biogeoclimatic ecosystem classifications applied to Gap Analysis in British Columbia using GIS.  Pages 239-249 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland. 

Myers, W., D. Argent, J. Bishop, J. Stauffer, Jr., and R. Carline.  1999.  Landscape-level mapping of fish for Pennsylvania Gap Analysis.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 8:34-35. 

Myers, W., R. Brooks, G. Storm, and J. Bishop.  1996.  Landscape information infrastructure in Pennsylvania.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 5:14-15. 

Myers, W., G. Thelin, S. Benjamin, A. Rasberry, J. Hood, P. Etzler, J. Majure, J. Brakebill, P. Green, and J. Findley.  1995.  SPECTRUM - Satellite image interpretation with automated delineation: A workshop-based assessment of SPECTRUM software.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 4:10-13.

Nobles, C.  2001.  Bridging the Texas GAP.  The Agriculturist (Texas Tech University) 31(1):8-9. 

Noss, R.F.  1990.  Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: A hierarchical approach. Conservation Biology  4(4):355-364.  

Noss, R.F.  1991a.  From endangered species to biodiversity.  Pages 227-246 in K. Kohm, editor.  Balancing on the brink of extinction.  Island Press, Washington, D.C. 

Noss, R.F.  1991b.  Protecting habitats and biological diversity: Design of regional reserve systems.  National Audubon Society, New York.

Noss, R.F.  1992a.  Biodiversity: Many scales and many concerns.  Pages 17-22 in H. Kerner, editor.  Proceedings of the symposium on biodiversity of northwestern California.  Wildlands Resources Center, University of California, Berkeley, California.

Noss, R.F.  1992b.  Issues of scale in conservation biology.  Pages 239-250 in P.L. Fiedler and S.K. Jain, editors.  Conservation biology:  The theory and practice of nature conservation, preservation, and management.  Chapman and Hall, New York.

Noss, R.F.  1996.  Conservation of biodiversity at the landscape scale.  Pages 574-589 in R.C.  Szaro and D.W.  Johnston, editors.  Biodiversity in managed landscapes: Theory and practice.  Oxford University Press, New York. 

Noss, R.F., S.P. Cline, B. Csuti, and J.M. Scott.  1992.  Monitoring and assessing biodiversity.  Pages 67-85 in E. Lykke, editor.  Achieving environmental goals: The concept and practice of environmental performance review.  Belhaven Press, London.

Noss, R.F., and B. Csuti.  1997.  Habitat fragmentation.  Pages 269-304 in G.K. Meffe and C.R. Carroll.  Principles of conservation biology.  Second edition.  Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts. 

Noss, R.F., E.T. LaRoe, and J.M. Scott.  1995.  Endangered ecosystems of the United States:  A preliminary assessment of loss and degradation.  Biological Report 28.  National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. 

Nusser, S.M., E.E. Klaas, C.H. Botts, and R. McNeely.  2001.  A methodological study for accuracy assessment of GAP land cover maps.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 10:13-19.

O'Neil, T.A., R.J. Steidl, W.D. Edge, and B. Csuti.  1995.  Using wildlife communities to improve vegetation classification for conserving biodiversity.  Conservation Biology 9:1482-1491. 

O'Neill, R.V.  1996.  Recent developments in ecological theory: Hierarchy and scale.  Pages 7-14 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.  

Painho, M.O.  1992.  Modeling errors in digital land-use/land-cover maps.  Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara.

Parker, N.C., R.J. Baker, R.D. Bradley, C. Jones, R.R. Monk, D.J. Schmidly, R.W. Sims, and F.D. Yancey.  1998.  A partnership providing field data for Gap Analysis: Texas Tech Museum and Texas GAP.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 7:37-39.

Parker, N.C., R.D. Bradley, J.M. Burns, G.F. Edson, D.R. Haragan, C. Jones, R.R. Monk, J.T. Montford, C.J. Phillips, D.J. Schmidly, and R.J. Baker.  1998.  Bioinformatics: A multidisciplinary approach for the life sciences.  Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University 186:i+1-8.

Parker, N.C., R. Sims, R. Estrada, C.B. Fedler, R. Leyva, J. Johnson, and Y. Lan.  1997.  GIS applications in agricultural and natural resource management in Texas. Written for presentation at the 1997 International Summer Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers; Minneapolis, Minnesota, August 10-14, 1997.  17 pp. 

Pearlstine, L.G., L.A. Brandt, W.M. Kitchens, and F.J. Mazzotti.  1995.  Impacts of citrus development on habitats of southwest Florida.  Conservation Biology 9:1020-1032. 

Pearlstine, L., A. McKerrow, M. Pyne, S. Williams, and S. McNulty.  1998.  Compositional groups and ecological complexes: A method for alliance-based vegetation mapping.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 7:16-17. 

Pearlstine, L., S.E. Smith, and W.M. Kitchens.  2000.  A gap analysis of Florida.  Final report of the Florida Gap Analysis Project.  USGS Biological Resources Division/University of Florida.  392 pp. 

Pennisi, E.  1993.  Filling in the gaps: Computer mapping finds unprotected species.  Science News 144:248-251. 

Peterson, C.R., S.R. Burton, D.S. Pilliod, J.R. Lee, J.O. Cossel, Jr., and R.L. Llewellyn.  2001.  Assessing the accuracy of Gap Analysis predicted distributions of Idaho amphibians and reptiles.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 10:25-28.

Pflugh, D., W. Turner, P. Iolavera, F. Westerlund, and C. Grue.  1999.  Incorporating protection of biodiversity into county land use planning: A Gap Analysis pilot project in Pierce County, Washington.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 8:43-47. 

Prior-Magee, J.S., B.C. Thompson, and D. Daniel.  1998.  Evaluating consistency of categorizing biodiversity management status relative to land stewardship in the Gap Analysis Program.  Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 41:209-216. 

Ramsey, R.D., J.D. Born, C. Homer, and T.C. Edwards, Jr.  1992.  Thematic Mapper vegetation mapping for the state of Utah.  Pages 148-157 in J.D. Greer, editor.  Remote sensing and natural resource management.  ASPRS, Bethesda, Maryland. 

Ramsey, R.D., C.G. Homer, and T.C. Edwards, Jr.  1993.  Gap Analysis land cover map for the state of Utah: A hierarchical data base.  Pages 298-306 in A.J. Lewis, editor.  Looking to the future with an eye on the past.  ASPRS Technical Papers, Vol. III.  ASPRS/ACSM, Bethesda, Maryland. 

Ramsey, R.D., C.G. Homer, and T.C. Edwards.  1994.  Data preparation for the Gap Analysis study.  Page 535 in Land information from space based systems: Proceedings of the Pecora 12 Symposium.  ASPRS, Bethesda, Maryland.

Rasberry, D.A., R.C. McCorkle, and J.N. Gorham.  1998.  The Mid-Atlantic Gap Analysis Project (Maryland, Delaware, and New Jersey).  Pages 188-194 in G.D. Therres, editor.  Conservation of biological diversity: A key to the restoration of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem and beyond.  Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Annapolis. 

Redmond, R.L.  1999.  Estimating and mapping the thematic accuracy of GAP land cover maps.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 8:24.

Redmond, R.L., M.M. Hart, J.C. Winne, W.A. Williams, P.C. Thornton, Z. Ma, C.M. Tobalske, M.M. Thornton, K.P. McLaughlin, T.P. Tady, F.B. Fisher, and S.W. Running.  1998.  A gap analysis of Montana.  Final report of the Montana Gap Analysis Project.  USGS Biological Resources Division/Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Missoula, Montana.  136 pp. + appendices. 

Reid, M.L.  1993.  The Tennessee Biodiversity Program:  Linking knowledge with the land.  The Tennessee Conservationist (Nov./Dec.):15-18. 

Reid, M., and P. Comer.  1998.  Vegetation alliance descriptions of the western U.S.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 7:25-28. 

Remote Sensing Applications Laboratory.  2000.  Pierce County GAP Application Pilot Project - A biodivesity plan for Pierce County, Washington.  Prepared for Pierce County Planning and Land Services in collaboration with the Washington Gap Analysis Project.  Department of Urban Design and Planning, University of Washington.  Seattle, WA.  226 pp. 

Sarkar, S., N.C. Parker, J. Garson, A. Aggarwal, and S. Haskell.  2000.  Place prioritization for Texas using GAP data: The use of biodiversity and environmental surrogates within socioeconomic constraints.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 9:48-50.

Schaefer, S.M., and W.B. Krohn.  2002.  Predicting vertebrate occurrences from species habitat associations: Improving the interpretation of commission error rates.  Pages 419-427 in J.M. Scott, P.J. Heglund, M.L. Morrison et al., editors.  Predicting species occurrences: Issues of accuracy and scale.  Island Press, Washington, D.C.  868 pp.

Schrupp, D.L., D.D. Osborne, and L.E. O’Brien.  2001.  An evaluation of helicopter use for collecting land cover data for Southwest ReGAP in Colorado.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 10:19-21.

Schumacher, J.V., R.L. Redmond, M.M. Hart, and M.E. Jensen.  2000.  Mapping patterns of human use and potential resource conflicts on public lands.  Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 64:127-137. 

Schwab, L.  2000.  Challenges in land cover classification in areas of rapid urban expansion.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 9:17.

Scott, J.M.  1990a.  Preserving life on earth: A new approach.  FOCUS on Renewable Natural Resources  4:1-2.  

Scott, J.M.  1990b.  Preserving life on earth:  We need a new approach.  Journal of Forestry 88(3):13-14.  G

Scott, J.M.  1997.  Partnerships.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 6:28-29. 

Scott, J.M.  1999.  A representative biological reserve system for the United States?  Society for Conservation Biology Newsletter 6(2):1, 9

Scott, J.M.  1999.  Vulnerability of forested ecosystems in the Pacific Northwest to loss of area.  Pages 33-42 in J.A. Rochelle, L.A. Lehmann, and J. Wisniewski, editors.  Forest fragmentation: Wildlife and management implications.  Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands. 

Scott, J.M., E.D. Ables, T.C. Edwards, Jr., R.L. Eng, T.A. Gavin, L.D. Harris, J.B. Haufler, W.M. Healy, F. Knopf, O. Torgerson, and H.P. Weeks, Jr.  1995.  Conservation of biological diversity: Perspectives and the future for the wildlife profession.  Wildlife Society Bulletin 23:646-657.

Scott, J.M., and B. Csuti.  1992.  Gap Analysis: Blueprint for proactive conservation.  FOCUS on  Renewable Natural Resources  17:1-2 (1991 Annual Report).  Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station; College of Forestry, Wildlife and Range Sciences; University of Idaho, Moscow.  

Scott, J.M., and B. Csuti.  1994.  Bridging the gap.  Idaho Research, Winter 1994:8-10.

Scott, J.M., and B. Csuti.  1995. Steps in strategies to manage biodiversity: Identification, selection, and design of special management areas.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 4:7-10.

Scott, J.M., and B. Csuti.  1997a.  Gap Analysis for biodiversity survey and maintenance.  Pages 321-340 in M.L. Reaka-Kudla, D.E. Wilson, and E.O. Wilson, editors.  Biodiversity II:  Understanding and protecting our biological resources.  Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C.

Scott, J.M., and B. Csuti. 1997b.  Gap Analysis: Assessing landscape trends in diversity.  Pages 409-410 in G.K. Meffe and C.R. Carroll, editors.  Principles of conservation biology.  Second edition.  Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts. 

Scott, J.M., and B. Csuti. 1997c.  Noah worked two jobs.  Conservation Biology 11:1255-1257. 

Scott, J.M., B. Csuti, H. Anderson, and J.E. Estes.  1989.  Letters: Biodiversity.  Science 243:589. 

Scott, J.M., B. Csuti, and S. Caicco.  1991.  Gap Analysis: Assessing protection needs.  Pages 15-26 in W.E. Hudson, editor.  Landscape linkages and biodiversity.  Island Press, Washington, D.C.

Scott, J.M., B. Csuti, and F. Davis.  1991.  Gap Analysis: An application of geographic information systems for wildlife species.  Pages 167-180 in D.J. Decker, M.E. Krasny, G.R. Goff, C.R. Smith, and D.W. Gross, editors.  Challenges in the conservation of biological resources: A practitioner's guide.  Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.

Scott, J.M., B. Csuti, J.E. Estes, and H. Anderson.  1989.  Status assessment of biodiversity protection.  Conservation Biology 3(1):85-87. 

Scott, J.M., B. Csuti, J.D. Jacobi, and J.E. Estes.  1987.  Species richness: A geographic approach to protecting future biological diversity.  BioScience  37:782-788. 

Scott, J.M., B. Csuti, and E.T. LaRoe.  1992.  Protecting biodiversity (Letter).  Issues in Science and Technology 8(4):21.

Scott, J.M., B. Csuti, and K. Smith.  1990.  Commentary: Playing Noah while paying the devil.  Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 71(3):156-159. 

Scott, J.M., B. Csuti, K. Smith, J.E. Estes, and S. Caicco.  1988.  Beyond endangered species: An integrated conservation strategy for the preservation of biological diversity.  Endangered Species UPDATE  5(10):43-48. 

Scott, J.M., B. Csuti, K. Smith, J.E. Estes, and S. Caicco.  1991.  Gap Analysis of species richness and vegetation cover: An integrated biodiversity conservation strategy.  Pages 282-297 in K. Kohm, editor.  Balancing on the brink of extinction. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 

Scott, J.M., B. Csuti, D. Stoms, and F. Davis.  1992.  Remote sensing for nongame wildlife habitat management.  Pages 134-140 in Transactions of the 56th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference (1991). 

Scott, J.M., B. Csuti, R.G. Wright, P.J. Crist, and M.D. Jennings. 1999.  Regional approaches to managing and conserving biodiversity.  Pages 55-70 in R.K. Baydack, H. Campa III, and J.B. Haufler, editors.  Practical approaches to the conservation of biological diversity.  Island Press, Washington, D.C. 

Scott, J.M., F. Davis, B. Csuti, R. Noss, B. Butterfield, C. Groves, H. Anderson, S. Caicco, F. D'Erchia, T.C. Edwards, Jr., J. Ulliman, and R.G. Wright.  1993.  Gap Analysis: A geographic approach to protection of biological diversity.  Wildlife Monographs 123:1-41. 

Scott, J.M., F.W. Davis, R.G. McGhie, R.G. Wright, C. Groves, and J. Estes.  2001.  Nature reserves: Do they capture the full range of America’s biological diversity?  Ecological Applications 11:999-1007. 

Scott, J.M., and M.D. Jennings, editors.  1994.  A handbook for Gap Analysis.  Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Scott, J.M., and M.D. Jennings.  1998.  Large-area mapping of biodiversity.  Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 85:34-47.  

Scott, J.M., M. Jennings, R.G. Wright, and B. Csuti.  1996.  Landscape approaches to mapping elements of biodiversity.  BioScience 46:77-78.

Scott, J.M., E.T. LaRoe, and M.D. Jennings.  1995.  Gap Analysis: A geographic approach to planning for biological diversity.  Page 462 in E.T. LaRoe, G.S. Farris, C.E. Puckett, P.D. Doran, and M.J. Mac, editors.  Our living resources.  National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.

Scott, J.M., M. Murray, R.G. Wright, B. Csuti, P. Morgan, and R.L. Pressey.  2001.  Representation of natural vegetation in protected areas: Capturing the geographic range.  Biodiversity and Conservation 10:1297-1301.

Scott, J.M., T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  1996.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland. 

Scott, J.M., T.H. Tear, and L.S. Mills.  1995.  Socioeconomics and the recovery of endangered species: Biological assessment in a political world.  Conservation Biology 9:214-216.  

Scott, J.M., S.A. Temple, D.L. Harlow, and M.L. Shaffer.  1994.  Restoration and management of endangered species.  Pages 531-539 in T.A. Bookhout, editor.  Research and management techniques for wildlife and habitats.  The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, Maryland. 

Shaffer, M.  1996.  The promise of Gap Analysis for understanding biodiversity.  Pages 3-5 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland. 

Shaw, D.M., and M.D. Jennings.  1995.  Federal data bases of land characteristics.  Pages 467-468 in E.T. LaRoe, G.S. Farris, C.E. Puckett, P.D. Doran, and M.J. Mac, editors.  Our living resources.  National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.  

Slaymaker, D.M.  1996. Point sampling surveys with GPS-logged aerial videography.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 5:19-20. 

Slaymaker, D.M., K.M.L. Jones, C.R. Griffin, and J.T. Finn.  1996.  Mapping deciduous forests in southern New England using aerial videography and hyperclustered multi-temporal Landsat TM imagery.  Pages 87-101 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland. 

Smith, C.R.  1991.  Challenges in the conservation of biological resources: An epilogue.  Pages 367-376 in D.J. Decker, M.E. Krasny, G.R. Goff, C.R. Smith, and D.W. Gross, editors.  Challenges in the conservation of biological resources: A practitioner's guide.  Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.

Smith, C.R.  1999.  Applications of New York GAP data.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 8:57.

Smith, C.R., S.D. DeGloria, and M.E. Richmond.  2001.  A gap analysis of New York.  Final report of the New York Gap Analysis Project.  USGS Biological Resources Division/ New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit.  135 pp. + appendices. 

Smith, C.R., S.D. DeGloria, M.E. Richmond, S.K. Gregory, M. Laba, S.D. Smith, J.L. Braden, W.P. Brown, and E.A. Hill.  2001.  An application of Gap Analysis procedures to facilitate planning for biodiversity conservation in the Hudson River Valley.  Final report, part 1: Gap Analysis of the Hudson River Valley.  New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. 

Smith, C.R., S.D. DeGloria, M.E. Richmond, S.K. Gregory, M. Laba, S.D. Smith, J.L. Braden, W.P. Brown, and E.A. Hill.  2001.  An application of Gap Analysis procedures to facilitate planning for biodiversity conservation in the Hudson River Valley.  Final report, part 2: Atlas of predicted ranges for terrestrial vertebrates in the Hudson River Valley.  New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. 

Smith, C.R., and S.K. Gregory.  1998.  Bird habitats in New York state. Pages 29-41 in E. Levine, editor.  Bull's birds of New York state.  Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York. 

Smith, K.G., and D.G. Catanzaro.  1996.  Predicted vertebrate distributions for Gap Analysis: Potential problems in constructing the models.  Pages 163-169 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland. 

Smith, K.G., R.S. Dzur, D.G. Catanzaro, M.E. Garner, and W.F. Limp.  1998.  A gap analysis of Arkansas.  Final report of the Arkansas Gap Analysis Project.  USGS Biological Resources Division/ Arkansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Fayetteville, Arkansas.  135 pp. 

Smith, M.R., P.W. Mattocks, Jr., and K.M. Cassidy.  1997.  Breeding birds of Washington State: Location data and predicted distributions.  Volume 4 of the final report for the Washington Gap Analysis Project.  USGS Biological Resources Division/University of Washington, Seattle.  538 pp. 

Smith, V.J., and J.A. Jenks.  2001.  Ranked modeling of small mammals based on capture data.  In J.M. Scott, P.J. Heglund, M. Morrison, M. Raphael, J. Haufler, and B. Wall, editors. Predicting species occurrences:  Issures of scale and accuracy.  Island Press.  Covello, California.

Smith, V.J., and J.A. Jenks.  2002.  Ranked modeling of small mammals based on capture data.  Pages 441-445 in J.M. Scott, P.J. Heglund, M.L. Morrison et al., editors.  Predicting species occurrences: Issues of accuracy and scale.  Island Press, Washington, D.C.  868 pp. 

Smith, V.J., C.J. Kopplin, and J.A. Jenks.  1999.  EMAP hexagon coverage included in South Dakota's sportsman's atlas.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 8:29. 

Smith, V.J., C.J. Kopplin, J.A. Jenks, B.K. Wylie, J.E. Vogelmann, and R.W. Klaver.  1999. Comparison of satellite imagery interpretation using known association/alliance-level data.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 8:20-23. 

Smith, V.J., C.J. Kopplin, S.S. Wall, J.A. Jenks, and C.R. Berry, Jr.  2000.  The South Dakota Gap Analysis Project.  South Dakota Conservation Digest (January 2000):4-6. 

Sowa, S.  1998.  Gap analysis in riverine environments.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 7:18-20. 

Sowa, S.  1999.  Status report: The Missouri aquatic GAP pilot project.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 8:32-34. 

Steele, B.M., J.C. Winne, and R.L. Redmond.  1998.  Estimation and mapping of misclassification probabilities for thematic land cover maps.  Remote Sensing of the Environment 66:192-202. 

Stevenson, M.  1998.  Applying gap analysis to county land use planning in Washington state.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 7:30-32.

Stine, P.A.  1995.  A multi-scale conservation assessment of plant communities in southern California.  Ph.D. dissertation.  University of California, Santa Barbara, California.

Stine, P.A., F.W. Davis, B. Csuti, and J.M. Scott.  1996.  Comparative utility of vegetation maps of different resolutions for conservation planning.  Pages 210-220 in R.C. Szaro and D.W. Johnston, editors.  Biodiversity in managed landscapes.  Oxford University Press, New York. 

Stoms, D.M.  1991.  Mapping and monitoring regional patterns of species richness from geographic information.  Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara.

Stoms, D.M.  1992.  Effects of habitat map generalization in biodiversity assessment. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 58:1587-1591.  

Stoms, D.M.  1994a.  Actual vegetation layer.  Pages Data Layers 1.1-1.6 in J.M. Scott and M.D. Jennings, editors.  A handbook for Gap Analysis.  Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Stoms, D.M.  1994b.  Scale dependence of species richness maps.  Professional Geographer  46:346-358.

Stoms, D.M.  1996.  Validating large-area land cover databases with maplets.  Geocarto International 11:87-95.

Stoms, D.M.  1997.  Gap analysis of the vegetation of the Intermountain Semi-Desert ecoregion.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 6:6-7

Stoms, D.M.  2000.  GAP management status and regional indicators of threats to biodiversity.  Landscape Ecology 15:21-33. 

Stoms, D.M., M.I. Borchert, M.A. Moritz, F.W. Davis, and R.L. Church.  1998.  A systematic process for selecting representative research natural areas.  Natural Areas Journal 18:338-349. 

Stoms, D.M., M.J. Bueno. F.W. Davis, K.M. Cassidy, K.L. Driese, and J.S. Kagan.  1998.  Map-guided classification of regional land cover with multi-temporal AVHRR data.  Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 64:831-838.

Stoms, D.M., and F. Davis.  1995.  Biodiversity in the southwestern California region.  Pages 465-466 in  E.T. LaRoe, G.S. Farris, C.E. Puckett, P.D. Doran, and M.J. Mac, editors.  Our living resources.  National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. 

Stoms, D.M., F. Davis, and S. Andelman.  1999.  Designing regional conservation portfolios: Filling the gaps.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 8:48-50. 

Stoms, D.M., F.W. Davis, and C.B. Cogan.  1992.  Sensitivity of wildlife habitat models to uncertainties in GIS data.  Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 58:843-850. 

Stoms, D.M., F.W. Davis, C.B. Cogan, and K. Cassidy.  1994.  Assessing land cover map accuracy for Gap Analysis.  Pages Validation 2.1-2.20 in J.M. Scott and M.D. Jennings, editors.  A handbook for Gap Analysis.  Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Stoms, D.M., F.W. Davis, K.L. Driese, K.M. Cassidy, and M.P. Murray.  1998.  Gap analysis of the vegetation of the Intermountain Semi-Desert ecoregion.  The Great Basin Naturalist 58:199-216.

Stoms, D.M., F.W. Davis, and A.D. Hollander.  1996.  Hierarchical representation of species distribution for biological survey and monitoring.  Pages 445-449 in M.F. Goodchild, L.T. Steyaert, and B.O. Parks, editors.  GIS and environmental modeling: Progress and research issues.  GIS World Books, Ft. Collins, Colorado

Stoms, D.M., F.W. Davis, P.A. Stine, and M. Borchert.  1992.  Beyond the traditional vegetation map towards a biodiversity database.  Pages 718-726 in Proceedings of GIS/LIS'92, San Jose, CA, November 10-12, 1992. 

Stoms, D.M., and J.E. Estes.  1993.  A remote sensing research agenda for mapping and monitoring biodiversity.  International Journal of Remote Sensing 14(10):1839-1860. 

Svancara, L.K., R.J.F. Abbitt, G.M. Minshall, and R.G. Wright.  2000.  Creating a conservation plan for Latah County, Idaho.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 9:54. 

Tear, T.H., J.M. Scott, P. Hayward, and B. Griffith.  1993.  Status and prospects for success of the Endangered Species Act: A look at recovery plans.  Science 262:976-977. 

Tear, T.H., J.M. Scott, P.H. Hayward, B. Griffith.  1995.  Recovery plans and the endangered species act: Are criticisms supported by data?  Conservation Biology 9(1):182-195. 

Theobald, D.M., N.T. Hobbs, T. Bearly, J.A. Zack, T. Shenk, and W.E. Riebsame.  2000.  Incorporating biological information in local land-use decision making: Designing a system for conservation planning.  Landscape Ecology 15:35-45. 

Theobald, D.M., D. Schrupp, and L.E. O’Brien.  2001.  A method to assess risk of habitat loss to development: A Colorado case study.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 10:36-41.

Thomas, K.A.  1996.  Vegetation and floristic diversity in the Mojave Desert of California: A regional conservation evaluation.  Ph.D. dissertation.  University of California, Santa Barbara, California.

Thomas, K., and F.W. Davis.  1996.  Applications of Gap Analysis data in the Mojave Desert of California.  Pages 209-219 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.  

Thompson, B.C., P.J.  Crist, E.  Muldavin, J.S.  Prior-Magee, R.A.  Deitner, and D.L.  Garber.  1996.  Examining natural floral heritage and management for biological diversity in New Mexico using Gap Analysis.  New Mexico Journal of Science 36:327-354. 

Thompson, B.C., P.J. Crist, J.S. Prior-Magee, R.A. Deitner, D.L. Garber, and M.A. Hughes.  1996.  A gap analysis of New Mexico.  Final report of the New Mexico Gap Analysis Project.  USGS Biological Resources Division/New Mexico State University, Las Cruces.  94 pp. + appendices.

Thompson, B.C., M.A. Hughes, and M.C. Andersen.  2001. Effects of including non-breeding bird species on predicted bird distributions for conservation planning in New Mexico. Biological Conservation 100:229-242. 

Thompson, R., R. Dzur, and W.F. Limp.  1996.  A preliminary comparison of MMU aggregation procedures for raster data.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 5:22-24.

Van Deelen, T.R., L.B. McKinney, M.G. Joselyn, and J.E. Buhnerkempe.  1997.  Can we restore elk to southern Illinois?  The use of existing digital land-cover data to evaluate potential habitat.  Wildlife Society Bulletin 25:886-894.  

Vickerman, S.  1996a.  Using Gap Analysis data for statewide biodiversity planning: Case studies of applied Gap Analysis for planning of land use and biological resources.  Pages 195-208 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland. 

Vickerman, S.  1996b.  GAP implementation.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 5:4-7. 

Vilella, F.J., and R.B. Minnis.  1999.  On vertebrate generations and plant succession: Incorporating vegetation structural attributes into vertebrate modeling.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 8:25-28. 

Walker, R.E., D.M. Stoms, F.W. Davis, and J.V. Wagtendonk.  1992.  Modeling vegetation cover types from a topographic gradient in the southern Sierra Nevada.  Pages 794-803 in Proceedings of GIS/LIS'92, San Jose, California, 10-12 November 1992.

Walker, R.E., D.M. Stoms, J.E. Estes, and K.D. Cayocca.  1992.  Improved modeling of biological diversity with multitemporal vegetation index data.  Pages 562-571 in Technical papers of the 1992 annual meeting of ASPRS/ACSM.  Albuquerque, New Mexico, 3-8 March 1992. 

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Walsh, S.J., and F.W. Davis.  1994.  Applications of remote sensing and geographic information systems in vegetation science.  Journal of Vegetation Science 5:609-756.

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Wright, G.  1996.  The application of Gap Analysis to National Parks System planning.  Pages 187-194 in J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors.  Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning.  American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland. 

Wright, R.G., J.G. MacCracken, and J. Hall.  1994.  An ecological evaluation of proposed new conservation areas in Idaho:  evaluating proposed Idaho National Parks.  Conservation Biology 8(1):207-216. 

Wright, R.G., M.P. Murray, and T. Merrill.  1998.  Ecoregions as a level of ecological analysis.  Biological Conservation 86:207-213. 

Wright, R.G., J.M. Scott, S. Mann, and M. Murray.  1998.  Unprotected at-risk plant communities of the western U.S.  Gap Analysis Bulletin 7:15-16. 

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Yang, X., P.W. Mausel, and F. Clark.  In press.  Identification of drained wetlands for wetland restoration in the Eel River watershed of Indiana using remote sensing and GIS analysis.  Geocarto International.