Products

This section presents the existing geographic data, publications, news articles, the GAP home page, and meetings, symposia, and workshops that have resulted as GAP products. Not accounted for here is the effect GAP is having on building institutional relationships around information. Although the results from the GAP state-level partnerships are easily of equal value to more tangible products such as data, the products resulting from better integrated institutional relationships are more complex, more difficult to quantify, and require a great deal of time and effort.

 Publications

As a collaborative method for assessing large-area conservation needs, the body of GAP-related literature is itself an important product. It is through the literature that discoveries and new methods will continue to be replicated, tested, critically evaluated, and improved upon. In addition to these materials, nearly all state GAP projects publish individual newsletters. These are not included in the following bibliography of literature that resulted from the Gap Analysis Program.

1987:

Scott, J.M., B. Csuti, J.D. Jacobi, and J.E. Estes. 1987. Species richness - A geographic approach to protecting future biological diversity. BioScience 37:782-788.

1988:

Csuti, B., J.M. Scott, and J. Estes. 1988. Looking beyond species-oriented conservation. Endangered Species UPDATE 5(2):4.

Scott, J.M., B. Csuti, K. Smith, J.E. Estes, and S. Caicco. 1988. Beyond endangered species: An integrated conservation strategy for the preservation of biological diversity. Endangered Species UPDATE 5(10):43-48.

1989:

Scott, J.M., B. Csuti, H. Anderson, and J.E. Estes. 1989. Letters: Biodiversity. Science 245:477-480.

Scott, J.M., B. Csuti, J.E. Estes, and H. Anderson. 1989. Status assessment of biodiversity protection. Conservation Biology 3(1):85-87.

1990:

Davis, F.W., D.M. Stoms, J.E. Estes, J. Scepan, and J.M. Scott. 1990. An information systems approach to the preservation of biological diversity. Int. J. Geographical Information Systems 4(1):55-78.

Duever, L.C., and R.F. Noss. 1990. A computerized method of priority ranking for natural areas. Pages 22-33 in R.S. Mitchell, C.J. Sheviak, and D.J. Leopold, editors. Ecosystem management: Rare species and significant habitats. Bulletin No. 471, New York State Museum, Albany, New York.

Noss, R.F. 1990. Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: A hierarchical approach. Conservation Biology 4(4):355-364.

Scott, J.M. 1990a. Preserving life on earth: A new approach. FOCUS on Renewable Natural Resources 4:1-2.

Scott, J.M. 1990b. Preserving life on earth: We need a new approach. Journal of Forestry 88(3):13-14.

Scott, J.M., B. Csuti, and K. Smith. 1990. Commentary: Playing Noah while paying the devil. Ecological Society Bulletin 71(3):156-159.

1991:

Csuti, B. 1991. Conservation corridors: Countering habitat fragmentation. Introduction. Pages 81-90 in W.E. Hudson, editor. Landscape linkages and biodiversity. Island Press, Washington, D.C.

Csuti, B., and J.M. Scott. 1991a. Mapping wildlife diversity for Gap Analysis. Western Wildlands 17(3):13-18.

Csuti, B., and J.M. Scott. 1991b. Northwestern biodiversity initiative. Natural Resource News (Spring 1991):7.

Davis, F.W. 1991. Geographic information systems analysis of biodiversity in California. Pages 29-30 in Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual ESRI User Conference.

Davis, F.W., J.E. Estes, B. Csuti, J.M. Scott, D. Stoms, M. Painho, P. Stine, A. Hollander, R. Walker, M. Bueno, C. Cogan, and V. Gray. 1991. Geographic Information Systems analysis of biodiversity in California. Final Report - Year 1. Department of Geography, University of California. Santa Barbara, California.

Gap Analysis Bulletin No. 1. 1991. Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Noss, R.F. 1991a. From endangered species to biodiversity. Pages 227-246 in K. Kohm, editor. Balancing on the brink of extinction. Island Press, Washington, D.C.

Noss, R.F. 1991b. Protecting habitats and biological diversity: Design of regional reserve systems. National Audubon Society, New York.

Scott, J.M., E.D. Ables, T.C. Edwards, Jr., R.L. Eng, T.A. Gavin, L.D. Harris, J.B. Haufler, W.M. Healy, F. Knopf, O. Torgerson, and H.P. Weeks, Jr. 1991. Conservation of biological diversity: Some perspectives and a look to the future for the wildlife profession. Ad Hoc Committee on Conservation of Biological Diversity, The Wildlife Society.

Scott, J.M., and B. Csuti. 1991. Gap Analysis: Blueprint for proactive conservation. FOCUS on Renewable Natural Resources 17:1-2.

Scott, J.M., B. Csuti, and S. Caicco. 1991. Gap Analysis: Assessing protection needs. Pages 15-26 in W.E. Hudson, editor. Landscape linkages and biodiversity. Island Press, Washington, D.C.

Scott, J.M., B. Csuti, and F. Davis. 1991. Gap Analysis: An application of geographic information systems for wildlife species. Pages 167-180 in D.J. Decker, M.E. Krasny, G.R. Goff, C.R. Smith, and D.W. Gross, editors. Challenges in the conservation of biological diversity: A practitioner's guide. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.

Scott, J.M., B. Csuti, K. Smith, J.E. Estes, and S. Caicco. 1991. Gap Analysis of species richness and vegetation cover: An integrated biodiversity conservation strategy. Pages 282-297 in K. Kohm, editor. Balancing on the brink of extinction. Island Press, Washington, D.C.

Smith, C.R. 1991. Challenges in the conservation of biological resources: An epilogue. Pages 367-376 in D.J. Decker, M.E. Krasny, G.R. Goff, C.R. Smith, and D.W. Gross, editors. Challenges in the conservation of biological resources: A practitioner's guide. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.

Stoms, D.M. 1991. Mapping and monitoring regional patterns of species richness from geographic information. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara.

Winn, D.S., and T.C. Edwards, Jr. 1991. A process for evaluating, monitoring, and conservation of landscape biodiversity within the intermountain area, USDA Forest Service. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Region, Ogden, Utah.

1992:

Allen, L. 1992. Ecology Forum: Plugging the gaps. Nature Conservancy (September/October):8-9.

Butterfield, B. 1992. Filling the gap. Horizon Air Magazine 2(7):8.

Cassidy, K., K. Dvornich, and C. Grue. 1992. Gap Analysis: A proactive approach to protection of biodiversity. Northwest Environmental Journal 8:178-179.

Chadwick, D.H. 1992. U.S. imperative: Networking habitats. Defenders (Sept/Oct.):26-33.

Csuti, B. 1992. Nature conservation: Cost effective biological surveys and data analysis (Review). Journal of Wildlife Management 56:621-622.

Davis, F.W., and D.M. Stoms. 1992. Gap Analysis of biodiversity in California. Pages 23-29 in H.M. Kerner, editor. Proceedings of the Symposium on Biodiversity of Northwestern California. Wildland Resources Center Report 29. University of California, Berkeley, California.

Gap Analysis Bulletin No. 2. 1992. Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Griffin, C.R., and T.W. French. 1992. Protection of threatened and endangered species and their habitats by state regulations: The Massachusetts initiative. Pages 674-683 in Transactions of the Fifty-seventh North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference.

Groves, C. 1992. Beyond endangered species: Gap Analysis. Idaho Wildlife 12(1):26-27.

Ma, Z., and R.L. Redmond. 1992. Building attribute tables for raster GIS files with ARC/INFO. Gap Analysis Technical Bulletin 1. Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Machlis, G.E., and D. Forester. 1992. Extended Gap Analysis: A technique for biodiversity management of protected areas. Paper presented at the IVth World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas. Caracas, Venezuela, February 10-12, 1992.

Noss, R.F. 1992a. Biodiversity: Many scales and many concerns. Pages 17-22 in H. Kerner, Editor. Proceedings of the symposium on biodiversity of northwestern California. Wildlands Resources Center, University of California, Berkeley, California.

Noss, R.F. 1992b. Issues of scale in conservation biology. Pages 239-250 in P.L. Fiedler and S.K. Jain, editors. Conservation biology: The theory and practice of nature conservation, preservation, and management. Chapman and Hall, New York.

Noss, R.F., S.P. Cline, B. Csuti, and J.M. Scott. 1992. Monitoring and assessing biodiversity. Pages 67-85 in E. Lykke, editor. Achieving environmental goals: The concept and practice of environmental performance review. Belhaven Press, London.

Painho, M.O. 1992. Modeling errors in digital land-use/land-cover maps. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara.

Ramsey, R.D., J.D. Born, C. Homer, and T.C. Edwards, Jr. 1992. Thematic Mapper vegetation mapping for the state of Utah. Pages 148-157 in J.D. Greer, editor. Remote sensing and natural resource management. ASPRS, Bethesda, Maryland.

Scott, J.M., B. Csuti, and E.T. LaRoe. 1992. Protecting biodiversity (Letter). Issues in Science and Technology 8(4):21.

Scott, J.M., B. Csuti, D. Stoms, and F. Davis. 1992. Remote sensing for nongame wildlife habitat management. Pages 134-140 in Transactions of the 56th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference (1991).

Stoms, D.M. 1992. Effects of habitat map generalization in biodiversity assessment. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 58:1587-1591.

Stoms, D.M., F.W. Davis, and C.B. Cogan. 1992. Sensitivity of wildlife habitat models to uncertainties in GIS data. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 58:843-850.

Stoms, D.M., F.W. Davis, P.A. Stine, and M. Borchert. 1992. Beyond the traditional vegetation map towards a biodiversity database. Pages 718-726 in Proceedings of GIS/LIS'92, San Jose, California, November 10-12, 1992.

Walker, R.E., D.M. Stoms, F.W. Davis, and J.V. Wagtendonk. 1992. Modeling vegetation cover types from a topographic gradient in the southern Sierra Nevada. Pages 794-803 in Proceedings of GIS/LIS'92, San Jose, California, November 10-12, 1992.

Walker, R.E., D.M. Stoms, J.E. Estes, and K.D. Cayocca. 1992. Improved modeling of biological diversity with multitemporal vegetation index data. Pages 562-571 in Technical papers of the 1992 annual meeting of ASPRS/ACSM. Albuquerque, New Mexico, March 3-8, 1992.

Winckler, S. 1992. Stopgap measures. The Atlantic Monthly 269(1):74-81.

1993:

Beardsley, K., and D.M. Stoms. 1993. Compiling a digital map of areas managed for biodiversity in California. Natural Areas Journal 13(3):177-190.

Boone, R.B., and W.B. Krohn. 1993. An analysis of biodiversity in Maine: GIS assessment of terrestrial vertebrate diversity (Poster abstract). Page 272 in R.D. Briggs, and W.B. Krohn, editors. Nurturing the northeastern forest - stewardship in a changing culture. Maine Agricultural Station Miscellaneous Report.

Csuti, B., R.C. Harmon, and D. Stoms. 1993. Mapping biodiversity for conservation planning. ARC News 15(1):22-23.

D'Erchia, F., B. Drazkowski, and T. Owens, editors. 1993. Proceedings of the Upper Midwest Gap Analysis workshop, January 12, 1993, Onalaska, Wisconsin. NBS Environmental Management Technical Center 93-PO13.

Edwards, T.C., Jr., and J.M. Scott. 1993. Use of gap analysis as a tool for the management of biodiversity. Pages 82-86 in I.D. Thompson, senior editor. Proceedings, Vol. 1, International Union of Game Biologists, XXI Congress; August 15, 1993, Halifax, Canada.

Edwards, T.C., Jr., J.M. Scott, C.G. Homer, and R.D. Ramsey. 1993. Gap Analysis: A geographic approach for assessing national biological diversity. Natural Resources and Environmental Issues 2:65-71.

Freiman, C. 1993. Filling the gaps. Science World 49(13):14-16.

Gap Analysis Bulletin No. 3. 1993. Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Graham, L.A. 1993. Airborne video for near real time natural resource applications. Journal of Forestry (August):28-32.

Homer, C.H., T.C. Edwards, Jr., S.D. Bassett, C. Crosby, A. Falconer, D. Wight, and R.D. Ramsey. 1993. Maps and data for Gap Analysis: The Utah prototype for state reports on biodiversity developed using ERDAS Imagine 8.0.1. Proceedings of the 1993 ERDAS Users' Group Meeting 93:27-36.

Homer, C.G., T.C. Edwards, Jr., D.H. Ramsey, and K.H. Price. 1993. Use of remote sensing methods in modeling sage grouse winter habitat. Journal of Wildlife Management 57:78-84.

Jennings, M.D. 1993. Natural terrestrial cover classification: Assumptions and definitions. Gap Analysis Technical Bulletin 2. Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Jennings, M.D., and J.M. Scott. 1993a. Building a macroscope: How well do places managed for biodiversity match reality? Renewable Resources Journal (Summer):16-20.

Jennings, M.D., and J.M. Scott. 1993b. Gap Analysis: Information for conserving biodiversity. Idaho Forester: 40-41.

Kareiva, P. 1993. No shortcuts in new maps. Nature 365:292-293.

Kiester, A.R., D. White, E.M. Preston, L.L. Master, T.R. Loveland, D.F. Bradford, B. Csuti, R.J. O'Connor, F.W. Davis, and D.M. Stoms. 1993. Research plan for pilot studies of the biodiversity research consortium. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon.

Linder, K. 1993. Planning for maintaining biodiversity. The Tennessee Conservationist 18.

Master, L., and M.D. Jennings. 1993. Hexagons: A new way to display predicted distributions of vertebrate species. GAP Analysis Bulletin 3:6-7.

McKendry, J.E., and G.E. Machlis. 1993. The role of geography in extending biodiversity gap analysis. Applied Geography 13:135-152.

Ramsey, R.D., C.G. Homer, and T.C. Edwards, Jr. 1993. Gap Analysis land cover map for the state of Utah: A hierarchical data base. Pages 298-306 in A.J. Lewis, editor. Looking to the future with an eye on the past. ASPRS Technical Papers, Vol. III. ASPRS/ACSM, Bethesda, Maryland.

Reid, M.L. 1993. The Tennessee Biodiversity Program: Linking knowledge with the land. The Tennessee Conservationist (Nov./Dec.):15-18.

Scott, J.M., F. Davis, B. Csuti, R. Noss, B. Butterfield, C. Groves, H. Anderson, S. Caicco, F. D'Erchia, T.C. Edwards, Jr., J. Ulliman, and R.G. Wright. 1993. Gap Analysis: A geographic approach to protection of biological diversity. Wildlife Monographs 123:1-41.

Stoms, D.M., F.W. Davis, C.B. Cogan, M.O. Painho, B.W. Duncan, J. Scepan, and J.M. Scott. 1993. Geographic analysis of California condor siting data. Conservation Biology 7:148-159.

Stoms, D.M., and J.E. Estes. 1993. A remote sensing research agenda for mapping and monitoring biodiversity. International Journal of Remote Sensing 14(10):1839-1860.

Tear, T.H., J.M. Scott, P. Hayward, and B. Griffith. 1993. Status and prospects for success of the Endangered Species Act: A look at recovery plans. Science 262:976-977.

1994:

Butterfield, B.R., B. Csuti, and J.M. Scott. 1994. Modeling vertebrate distributions for Gap Analysis. Pages 53-68 in R.I. Miller, editor. Mapping the diversity of nature. Chapman and Hall, London.

Cassidy, K., E.O. Garton, W.B. Krohn, L.S. Mills, J.M. Scott, K. Williams, and B. Csuti. 1994. Assessing the predictive ability of Gap Analysis vertebrate distribution maps. Pages Validation 1.1-1.11 in J.M. Scott and M.D. Jennings, editors. A handbook for Gap Analysis. Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Cogan, C. 1994. Terrestrial and aquatic Gap Analysis summary of national data resources and identification of cooperators. Pages Data Layers 4.1-4.13 in J.M. Scott and M.D. Jennings, editors. A handbook for Gap Analysis. Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Cogan, C., and T.C. Edwards, Jr. 1994. Metadata standards for Gap Analysis. Pages Metadata 1.1-1.20 in J.M. Scott and M.D. Jennings, editors. A handbook for Gap Analysis. Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Cox, J., R. Kautz, M. MacLaughlin, and T. Gilbert. 1994. Closing the gaps in Florida's wildlife habitat system. Office of Environmental Studies, Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission.

Csuti, B. 1994a. Gap Analysis approaches to mapping and managing biodiversity. Plant Science Bulletin 40:118-120.

Csuti, B. 1994b. Gap Analysis: Identification of priority areas for biodiversity management and conservation. Pages Analysis 1.1-1.35 in J.M. Scott and M.D. Jennings, editors. A handbook for Gap Analysis. Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Csuti, B. 1994c. Gap analysis: Mapping biodiversity for conservation and management. Endangered Species UPDATE 11(5):1-4.

Csuti, B. 1994d. Methods for developing terrestrial vertebrate distribution maps for Gap Analysis. Pages Data Layers 2.1-2.52 in J.M. Scott and M.D. Jennings, editors. A handbook for Gap Analysis. Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Davis, F.W., P.A. Stine, and D.M. Stoms. 1994. Distribution and conservation status of coastal sage scrub in southwestern California. Journal of Vegetation Science 5:743-756.

Edwards, T.C., Jr., C.G. Homer, and S.D. Bassett. 1994. Land management categorization: A user's guide. Pages Data Layers 3.1-3.6 in J.M. Scott and M.D. Jennings, editors. A handbook for Gap Analysis. Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Falconer, A., T.C. Edwards, Jr., C.G. Homer, and J.M. Scott. 1994. Biodiversity assessment: Remote sensing and GIS products for Gap Analysis. Pages 341-349 in Land information from space based systems: Proceedings of the Pecora 12 Symposium. ASPRS, Bethesda, Maryland.

Falconer, A., T.C. Edwards, Jr., and J.M. Scott. 1994. Environmental data base products for decision-making: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Gap Analysis prototype. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Developing Large Environmental Data Bases for Sustainable Development, United Nations Environment Programme Series No. 22.

Hollander, A.D., F.W. Davis, and D.M. Stoms. 1994. Hierarchical representations of species distributions using maps, images and sighting data. Pages 71-88 in R.I. Miller, editor. Mapping the diversity of nature. Chapman and Hall, London.

Jennings, M.D. 1994a. Cooperative structure and funding for state Gap Analysis projects. Pages Management 1.1-1.4 in J.M. Scott and M.D. Jennings, editors. A handbook for Gap Analysis. Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Jennings, M.D. 1994b. National Gap Analysis project standards. Pages GAP Standards 1.1-1.6 in J.M. Scott and M.D. Jennings, editors. A handbook for Gap Analysis. Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Jennings, M.D. 1994c. Satellite imagery, pattern delineation, and cooperative mapping of land cover. Pages Imagery 1.1-1.5 in J.M. Scott and M.D. Jennings, editors. A handbook for Gap Analysis. Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Lomolino, M.V. 1994. An evaluation of alternative strategies for building networks of nature reserves. Biological Conservation 69:243-249.

Machlis, G.E., D.J. Forester, and J.E. McKendry. 1994a. Biodiversity Gap Analysis: Critical challenges and solutions. A report on an advanced research workshop at Semiahmoo, Washington. Contribution No. 736, Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Machlis, G.E., D.J. Forester, and J.E. McKendry. 1994b. Gap analysis and national parks: Adding the socioeconomic dimension. Park Science 14(1):6-10.

Moisen, G.G., T.C. Edwards, Jr., and D.R. Cutler. 1994. Spatial sampling to assess classification accuracy of remotely sensed data. Pages 159-176 in W.K. Michener, J.W. Brunt, and S.G. Stafford, editors. Environmental information management and analysis: Ecosystem to global scales. Taylor & Francis.

Noss, R.F, and B. Csuti. 1994. Habitat fragmentation. Pages 237-264 in G.K. Meffe and C.R. Caroll, editors. Principles of Conservation Biology. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts.

Scott, J.M., and M.D. Jennings, editors. 1994. A handbook for Gap Analysis. Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Scott, J.M., S.A. Temple, D.L. Harlow, and M.L. Shaffer. 1994. Restoration and management of endangered species. Pages 531-539 in T.A. Bookhout, editor. Research and management techniques for wildlife and habitats. The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, Maryland.

Stoms, D.M. 1994a. Actual vegetation layer. Pages Data Layers 1.1-1.6 in J.M. Scott and M.D. Jennings, editors. A handbook for Gap Analysis. Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Stoms, D.M. 1994b. Scale dependence of species richness maps. Professional Geographer 46:346-358.

Stoms, D.M., F.W. Davis, C.B. Cogan, and K. Cassidy. 1994. Assessing land cover map accuracy for Gap Analysis. Pages Validation 2.1-2.20 in J.M. Scott and M.D. Jennings, editors. A handbook for Gap Analysis. Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Walsh, S.J., and F.W. Davis. 1994. Applications of remote sensing and geographic information systems in vegetation science. Journal of Vegetation Science 5:609-756.

Wright, R.G., J.G. MacCracken, and J. Hall. 1994. An ecological evaluation of proposed new conservation areas in Idaho: Evaluating proposed Idaho National Parks. Conservation Biology 8(1):207-216.

1995:

Caicco, S.L., J.M. Scott, B. Butterfield, and B. Csuti. 1995. A Gap Analysis of the management status of the vegetation of Idaho (U.S.A.). Conservation Biology 9:498-511.

Davis, F.W., P.A. Stine, D.M. Stoms, M.I. Borchert, and A.D. Hollander. 1995. Gap Analysis of the actual vegetation of California - 1. The southwestern region. Madrono 42:40-78.

Edwards, T.C., Jr. 1995. Protection status of vegetation cover-types in Utah. Pages 463-464 in E.T. LaRoe, G.S. Farris, C.E. Puckett, P.D. Doran, and M.J. Mac, editors. Our living resources. National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.

Edwards, T.C., Jr., C.H. Homer, S.D. Bassett, A. Falconer, R.D. Ramsey, and D.W. Wight. 1995. Utah Gap Analysis: An environmental information system. Technical Report 95-1, Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

Gap Analysis Bulletin No. 4. 1995. Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Halbert, S., M.D. Jennings, C. Cogan, S. Quisenberry, and J.B. Johnson. 1995. Potential use of suction trap collections of aphids as indicators of plant biodiversity. Pages 499-503 in N. Stark and R. Harrington, editors. Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, London.

Jennings, M.D. 1995. Habitat assessments: Overview. Pages 461-462 in E.T. LaRoe, G.S. Farris, C.E. Puckett, P.D. Doran, and M.J. Mac, editors. Our living resources. National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.

Loveland, T.R., and H.L. Hutcheson. 1995. Monitoring changes in landscapes from satellite imagery. Pages 468-473 in E.T. LaRoe, G.S. Farris, C.E. Puckett, P.D. Doran, and M.J. Mac, editors. Our living resources. National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.

Ma, Z., and R.L. Redmond. 1995. Tau coefficients for accuracy assessment of classification of remote sensing data. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 61:435-439.

Machlis, G.E., J.M. Scott, D.J. Forester, and C.B. Cogan. 1995. The application of gap analysis to decision making in the U.S. National Wildlife Refuge System. Pages 566-574 in Transactions of the 59th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference (1994). Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, D.C.

Merrill, T., R.G. Wright, and J.M. Scott. 1995. Using ecological criteria to evaluate wilderness planning options in Idaho. Environmental Management 19:815-825.

Noss, R.F., E.T. LaRoe, and J.M. Scott. 1995. Endangered ecosystems of the United States: A preliminary assessment of loss and degradation. Biological Report 28. National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.

Scott, J.M., E.T. LaRoe, and M.D. Jennings. 1995. Gap Analysis: A geographic approach to planning for biological diversity. Page 462 in E.T. LaRoe, G.S. Farris, C.E. Puckett, P.D. Doran, and M.J. Mac, editors. Our living resources. National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.

Scott, J.M., T.H. Tear, and L.S. Mills. 1995. Socioeconomics and the recovery of endangered species: Biological assessment in a political world. Conservation Biology 9:214-216.

Shaw, D.M., and M.D. Jennings. 1995. Federal data bases of land characteristics. Pages 467-468 in E.T. LaRoe, G.S. Farris, C.E. Puckett, P.D. Doran, and M.J. Mac, editors. Our living resources. National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.

Stine, P.A. 1995. A multi-scale conservation assessment of plant communities in southern California. Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Santa Barbara, California.

Stoms, D.M., and F. Davis. 1995. Biodiversity in the southwestern California region. Pages 465-466 in E.T. LaRoe, G.S. Farris, C.E. Puckett, P.D. Doran, and M.J. Mac, editors. Our living resources. National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.

Tear, T.H., J.M. Scott, P.H. Hayward, and B. Griffith. 1995. Recovery plans and the endangered species act: Are criticisms supported by data? Conservation Biology 9(1):182-195.

In Press:

Airola, T. In press. Emerging technologies: Digital aerial photography. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Benjamin, S., J. White, D. Argiro, and K. Lowell. In press. Land cover mapping with Spectrum. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Biggs, B., and A. Singh. In press. Compiling a Gap Analysis electronic encyclopedia. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Camm, J.D., S. Polasky, A. Solow, and B. Csuti. In press. A note on optimization models for reserve site selection. Biological Conservation.

Congalton, R. In press. Accuracy assessment: A critical component of land cover mapping. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Crowe, R. In press. Use of Gap Analysis in regional planning in southern California. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Csuti, B. In press. Modeling vertebrate species distributions for Gap Analysis. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Csuti, B., and R. Kiester. In press. Hierarchical Gap Analysis for identifying priority areas for biodiversity. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Csuti, B., P.H. Williams, R.L. Pressey, S. Polasky, J.D. Camm, M. Kershaw, A.R. Kiester, B. Downs, R. Hamilton, M. Huso, and K. Sahr. In press. A comparison of reserve selection algorithms using data on terrestrial vertebrates in Oregon. Biological Conservation.

Davis, F.W, and D.M. Stoms. In press. A spatial analytical hierarchy for Gap Analysis. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Dzur, R., M. Garner, K. Smith, and F. Limp. In press. Partnerships for GAP vegetation mapping in Arkansas. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Edwards, T.C., Jr., E.T. Deshler, D. Foster, and G.G. Moisen. In press. Adequacy of wildlife habitat relation models for estimating spatial distributions of terrestrial vertebrates. Conservation Biology.

Estes, J. In press. A perspective on current trends in conservation and a vision for the future of biodiversity management areas. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Falconer, A., D. Wight, T. Edwards, S. Bassett, and C. Homer. In press. Issues of GIS: "Database thinking" and database structure. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Forester, D.J., G.E. Machlis, and J.E. McKendry. In press. Extending Gap Analysis to include socioeconomic factors. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Gaydos, L. In press. Today's land cover mapping. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Homer, C.G., R.D. Ramsey, T.C. Edwards, Jr., and A. Falconer. In press. Landscape cover-type modelling using a multi-scene TM mosaic. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing.

Jennings, M.D. In press. Gap Analysis today: A confluence of biology, ecology, and geography for the management of biological resources. Wildlife Society Bulletin.

Kiester, A.R., J.M. Scott, B. Csuti, R.F. Noss, and B. Butterfield. In press. Conservation prioritization using GAP data. Conservation Biology.

Krohn, W. In press. Predicted vertebrate distributions from Gap Analysis: Considerations in the design of a statewide accuracy assessment. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Lillesand, T. In press. A protocol for satellite-based land cover classification in the Upper Midwest. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Lins, K., and R. Kleckner. In press. Land cover mapping: An overview and history of the concept. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Loveland, T., and D. Shaw. In press. Multi-resolution land characteristics monitoring system: Building collaborative partnerships. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Master, L. In press. Predicting distributions for vertebrate species: Some observations. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Morrison, J., P. Murtha, S. Rautio, and J. Maedel. In press. Applied Gap Analysis for conservation planning in British Columbia. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Noss, R.F. In press. Biodiversity conservation at the landscape scale. In R. Szaro, editor. Biodiversity in managed landscapes. Oxford University Press, New York.

O'Neil, T.A., R.J. Steidl, W.D. Edge, and B. Csuti. In press. Using wildlife communities to classify vegetation for assessing biodiversity. Conservation Biology.

O'Neill, R. In press. Recent developments in ecological theory: Hierarchy and scale. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Scott, J.M., and B. Csuti. In press. Gap Analysis for biodiversity survey and maintenance. In M.L. Reaka-Kudla, D.E. Wilson, and E.O. Wilson, editors. Biodiversity II: Understanding and protecting our biological resources. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

Scott, J.M., T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. In press. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Scott, J.M., and G. Wright. In press. The need for a hierarchical approach to conservation. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Shaffer, M. In press. The conceptual basis for Gap Analysis. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Slaymaker, D., K. Jones, C. Griffin, and J. Finn. In press. Uses of aerial videography in Gap Analysis for deciduous forests in New England. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Smith, K., and D. Catanzaro. In press. Modeling predicted vertebrate distributions: Potential pitfalls and problems. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Stine, P.A., F.W. Davis, B. Csuti, and J.M. Scott. In press. Comparative utility of vegetation maps, prepared with different spatial resolutions for conservation planning. In R. Szaro, editor. Biodiversity in managed landscapes. Sacramento, California, July 13-17, 1992. Oxford University Press, New York.

Stoms, D.M. In press. Validating large-area land cover databases with maplets. Geocarto International.

Stoms, D.M., F.W. Davis, and A.D. Hollander. In press. Hierarchical representation of species distributions for biological survey and monitoring. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference/Workshop on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling. Breckenridge, Colorado, September 26-30, 1993.

Thomas, K., and F. Davis. In press. Applications of Gap Analysis data in the Mojave Desert of California. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Vickerman, S. In press. State biodiversity plans. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Wondra, P. In press. Data access: An NBS overview. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

Wright, G. In press. Applications for planning and expanding national parks. In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, editors. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.

News Articles:

The Gap Analysis effort has also generated a number of news stories, some of which are listed below as examples.

Federal-state land swap in the works. Northwest Arkansas Times: A3, July 14, 1995.

Filling in the gaps: Computer mapping finds unprotected species. 1993. Science News 144:248-251.

Four U.S. agencies pool resources to stretch land imagery budgets. Space News 17: March 20-26, 1995.

Landowners making wildlife feel at home: New tactic for solving property conflicts. USA Today: 7A, August 10, 1995.

Landsat imagery helping to save endangered habitat. Space News 16: October 31-November 6, 1994.

Latest Endangered Species: Natural Habitats of America. New York Times: A1, February 4, 1995.

Scientist cites a need for Mojave wilds: USU expert notes importance of biological diversity in Utah. The Salt Lake Tribune: May 13, 1995.